{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:00:04Z","timestamp":1776931204726,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":74,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"NIDILRR","award":["90REGE0026-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90REGE0026-01-00"]}]},{"name":"University of Washington CREATE Center","award":[""],"award-info":[{"award-number":[""]}]},{"name":"National Library of Medicine","award":["T15LM007442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T15LM007442"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3663547.3746344","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T16:33:49Z","timestamp":1761150829000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modeling Accessibility: Characterizing What We Mean by \u201cAccessible\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly Avery","family":"Mack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse J","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaleyah","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mankoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9194-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Fogarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5619-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Findlater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1036-2497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia L","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7976-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2384916.2384945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234695.3236348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria Berghs. 2017. Practices and discourses of ubuntu: Implications for an African model of disability? African Journal of Disability 6 1 (2017) 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v6.292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0J Biermann. 2011. The cosmesis: a social and functional interface. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 30 3 (2011) 250."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Inclusive design: Design for the whole population","author":"Clarkson P\u00a0John","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00a0John Clarkson, Roger Coleman, Simeon Keates, and Cherie Lebbon. 2013. Inclusive design: Design for the whole population. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"The Combahee river collective statement","author":"Collective Combahee\u00a0River","year":"2017","unstructured":"Combahee\u00a0River Collective, Demita Frazier, Barbara Smith, and Beverly Smith. 2017. The Combahee river collective statement. Gato Negro Ediciones."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Patricia\u00a0Hill Collins. 1990. Black feminist thought in the matrix of domination. Black feminist thought: Knowledge consciousness and the politics of empowerment 138 1990 (1990) 221\u2013238."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","first-page":"93","volume-title":"The public nature of private violence","author":"Crenshaw Kimberl\u00e9\u00a0Williams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kimberl\u00e9\u00a0Williams Crenshaw. 2013. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. In The public nature of private violence. Routledge, 93\u2013118."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maitraye Das Darren Gergle and Anne\u00a0Marie Piper. 2019. \" It doesn\u2019t win you friends\" Understanding Accessibility in Collaborative Writing for People with Vision Impairments. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 CSCW (2019) 1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maitraye Das John Tang Kathryn\u00a0E Ringland and Anne\u00a0Marie Piper. 2021. Towards accessible remote work: Understanding work-from-home practices of neurodivergent professionals. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW1 (2021) 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/3449282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","first-page":"14","volume-title":"19th Congress of the European Federation of Associations of Teachers of the Deaf (FEAPDA)","author":"Devlieger Patrick\u00a0J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patrick\u00a0J Devlieger. 2005. Generating a cultural model of disability. In 19th Congress of the European Federation of Associations of Teachers of the Deaf (FEAPDA). 14\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosemarie Garland-Thomson. 2005. Feminist disability studies. Signs: Journal of women in Culture and Society 30 2 (2005) 1557\u20131587.","DOI":"10.1086\/423352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3417027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laura Gonzales. 2019. Designing for intersectional interdependent accessibility: A case study of multilingual technical content creation. Communication Design Quarterly Review 6 4 (2019) 35\u201345.","DOI":"10.1145\/3309589.3309593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3493612.3520446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Building access: Universal design and the politics of disability","author":"Hamraie Aimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aimi Hamraie. 2017. Building access: Universal design and the politics of disability. U of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aimi Hamraie and Kelly Fritsch. 2019. Crip technoscience manifesto. Catalyst: Feminism theory technoscience 5 1 (2019) 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.28968\/cftt.v5i1.29607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3416996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Skin, Tooth, and Bone: The Basis of Movement is Our People (2nd ed.)","author":"Invalid Sins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sins Invalid. 2019. Skin, Tooth, and Bone: The Basis of Movement is Our People (2nd ed.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Liz Jackson. 2019. Disability Dongle. Available at https:\/\/twitter.com\/elizejackson\/status\/1110629818234818570?lang=en."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Liz Jackson Alex Haagaard and Rua Williams. 2022. Disability Dongle. Available at https:\/\/blog.castac.org\/2022\/04\/disability-dongle\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460112.3471955"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","volume-title":"Crip kinship: The disability justice and art activism of Sins Invalid","author":"Kafai Shayda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shayda Kafai. 2021. Crip kinship: The disability justice and art activism of Sins Invalid. Arsenal Pulp Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2979\/6841.0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sushant Kafle and Matt Huenerfauth. 2020. Usability evaluation of captions for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing122 (2020) 1\u20131.","DOI":"10.1145\/3386410.3386411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1414471.1414487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663548.3675651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Ronald Mace. 1985. Universal design: Barrier free environments for everyone. Designers West 33 1 (1985) 147\u2013152."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878803.1878807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663548.3675649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emma\u00a0J McDonnell Ping Liu Steven\u00a0M Goodman Raja Kushalnagar Jon\u00a0E Froehlich and Leah Findlater. 2021. Social environmental and technical: Factors at play in the current use and future design of small-group captioning. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (2021) 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1145\/3479578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"Mia Mingus. 2011. Changing the Framework: Disability Justice. https:\/\/leavingevidence.wordpress.com\/2011\/02\/12\/changing-the-framework-disability-justice\/ Library Catalog: leavingevidence.wordpress.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mike Oliver. 2013. The social model of disability: Thirty years on. Disability & society 28 7 (2013) 1024\u20131026.","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.818773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-02427-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans Persson Henrik \u00c5hman Alexander\u00a0Arvei Yngling and Jan Gulliksen. 2015. Universal design inclusive design accessible design design for all: different concepts\u2014one goal? On the concept of accessibility\u2014historical methodological and philosophical aspects. Universal access in the information society 14 (2015) 505\u2013526.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-014-0358-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","volume-title":"Care work: Dreaming disability justice","author":"Piepzna-Samarasinha Leah\u00a0Lakshmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leah\u00a0Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha. 2018. Care work: Dreaming disability justice. Arsenal pulp press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","volume-title":"The future is disabled: prophecies, love notes and mourning songs","author":"Piepzna-Samarasinha Leah\u00a0Lakshmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leah\u00a0Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha. 2022. The future is disabled: prophecies, love notes and mourning songs. arsenal pulp press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.1612837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shridevi Rao. 2001. \u2019A little inconvenience\u2019: Perspectives of Bengali families of children with disabilities on labelling and inclusion. Disability & Society 16 4 (2001) 531\u2013548.","DOI":"10.1080\/09687590120059522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"LA Rocklage L Peschong AL Gillett and BJ Delohery. 1996. Good Junk + Creativity = Great Low-End Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","first-page":"16","volume-title":"The disability studies reader","author":"Shakespeare Tom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tom Shakespeare. 2006. The social model of disability. In The disability studies reader. Routledge, 16\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristen Shinohara Cynthia\u00a0L Bennett Wanda Pratt and Jacob\u00a0O Wobbrock. 2018. Tenets for social accessibility: Towards humanizing disabled people in design. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) 11 1 (2018) 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.1145\/3178855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristen Shinohara and Jacob\u00a0O Wobbrock. 2016. Self-conscious or self-confident? A diary study conceptualizing the social accessibility of assistive technology. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) 8 2 (2016) 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.1145\/2827857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","volume-title":"Cultural locations of disability","author":"Snyder Sharon\u00a0L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharon\u00a0L Snyder and David\u00a0T Mitchell. 2010. Cultural locations of disability. In Cultural locations of disability. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suharto Suharto Pim Kuipers and Pat Dorsett. 2016. Disability terminology and the emergence of \u2018diffability\u2019in Indonesia. Disability & society 31 5 (2016) 693\u2013712.","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2016.1200014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3503731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","volume-title":"Germany: the UzK Forum Initiative, University of Cologne","author":"Waldschmidt A","year":"2017","unstructured":"A Waldschmidt. 2017. Disability Goes Cultural: The Cultural Model of Disability as an Analytical Tool, Waldschmidt, A. In Germany: the UzK Forum Initiative, University of Cologne."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacob\u00a0O. Wobbrock Shaun\u00a0K. Kane Krzysztof\u00a0Z. Gajos Susumu Harada and Jon Froehlich. 2011. Ability-Based Design: Concept Principles and Examples. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) 3 3 Article 9 (apr 2011) 27\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/1952383.1952384","DOI":"10.1145\/1952383.1952384"}],"event":{"name":"ASSETS '25: The 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","location":"Denver Colorado USA","acronym":"ASSETS '25","sponsor":["SIGACCESS ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3663547.3746344","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:56:57Z","timestamp":1767981417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3663547.3746344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3663547.3746344","10.1145\/3663547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3663547.3746344","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}