{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:19:41Z","timestamp":1772749181816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China","award":["20210201075GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201075GX"]}]},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias and CONAHCYT-SNI","award":["41594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41594"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum image processing (QIMP) was first introduced in 2003 by Venegas-Andraca and Bose at the University of Oxford. This field attempts to overcome the limitations of classical computers and the potentially overwhelming complexity of classical algorithms by providing a more effective way to store and manipulate visual information. Over the past 20 years, QIMP has become an active area of research, experiencing rapid and vigorous development. However, these advancements have suffered from an imbalance, as inherent critical issues have been largely ignored. In this article, we review the original intentions for this field and analyze various unresolved issues from a new perspective, including QIMP algorithm design, potential advantages and limitations, technological debates, and potential directions for future development. We suggest that the 20-year milestone could serve as a new beginning and advocate for more researchers to focus their attention on this pursuit, helping to overcome bottlenecks, and achieving more practical results in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3663577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T11:15:41Z","timestamp":1714648541000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lessons from Twenty Years of Quantum Image Processing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7444-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador E.","family":"Venegas-Andraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"272","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","article-title":"An encryption protocol for NEQR images based on one-particle quantum walks on a circle","volume":"18","author":"Abd-El-Atty B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"B. Abd-El-Atty, A. A. A. Ei-Latif, and S. E. Venegas-Andraca. 2019. An encryption protocol for NEQR images based on one-particle quantum walks on a circle. Quantum Information Processing 18, 272 (2019).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2820603"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.09.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3009965"},{"issue":"7712","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","article-title":"Quantum pixel representations and compression for N-dimensional images","volume":"12","author":"Amankwah M. G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. G. Amankwah, D. Camps, E. W. Bethel, R. Van Beeumen, and T. Perciano.2022. Quantum pixel representations and compression for N-dimensional images. Scientific Reports 12, 7712 (2022).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3435","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","article-title":"Quantum-parallel vectorized data encodings and computations on trapped-ion and transmon QPUs","volume":"14","author":"Balewski J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Balewski, M. G. Amankwah, R. Van Beeumen, E. W. Bethel, T. Perciano, and D. Camps.2024. Quantum-parallel vectorized data encodings and computations on trapped-ion and transmon QPUs. Scientific Reports 14, 3435 (2024).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2023.3316932"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23474"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2013.03013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-0932-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-018-0227-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-022-03517-6"},{"issue":"97","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","article-title":"Quantum implementation of image registration","volume":"22","author":"Chen K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"K. Chen, Z. Ren, F. Yan, and J. Zhao.2023. Quantum implementation of image registration. Quantum Information Processing 22, 97 (2023).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3580-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-018-3950-9"},{"issue":"128225","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","article-title":"A parallel double scrambling encryption scheme for MQIR image based on random combination","volume":"607","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z. Chen, J. Pan, Y. Yan, H. Zhu, and X. Li.2022. A parallel double scrambling encryption scheme for MQIR image based on random combination. Physica A 607, 128225 (2022).","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","article-title":"Quantum image edge detection using improved Sobel mask based on NEQR","volume":"20","author":"Chetia R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Chetia, S. M. B. Borush, and P. P. Sahu.2021. Quantum image edge detection using improved Sobel mask based on NEQR. Quantum Information Processing 20, 21 (2021).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"issue":"246","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","article-title":"Quantum multi-image compression-encryption scheme based on quantum discrete cosine transform and 4D hyper-chaotic Henon map","volume":"20","author":"Dai J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Dai, Y. Ma, and N. Zhou.2021. Quantum multi-image compression-encryption scheme based on quantum discrete cosine transform and 4D hyper-chaotic Henon map. Quantum Information Processing 20, 246 (2021).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"issue":"239","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","article-title":"Image classification based on quantum K-Nearest-Neighbor algorithm","volume":"17","author":"Dang Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y. Dang, N. Jiang, H. Hu, Z. Ji, and W. Zhang.2018. Image classification based on quantum K-Nearest-Neighbor algorithm. Quantum Information Processing 17, 239 (2018).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"issue":"13671","key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","article-title":"A hybrid-qudit representation of digital RGB images","volume":"13","author":"Das S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Das and F. Caruso.2023. A hybrid-qudit representation of digital RGB images. Scientific Reports 13, 13671 (2023).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","article-title":"Quantum pattern recognition on real quantum processing units","volume":"5","author":"Das S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Das, J. Zhang, S. Martina, D. Suter, and F. Caruso.2023. Quantum pattern recognition on real quantum processing units. Quantum Machine Intelligence 5, 16 (2023).","journal-title":"Quantum Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"2035002","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","article-title":"Quantum sensing","volume":"89","author":"Degen C. L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"C. L. Degen, F. Reinhard, and P. Cappellaro.2017. Quantum sensing. Reviews of Modern Physics 89, 2035002 (2017).","journal-title":"Reviews of Modern Physics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ac39f5"},{"issue":"27","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","article-title":"Quantum image edge extraction based on Laplacian operator and zero-cross method","volume":"18","author":"Fan P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"P. Fan, R. Zhou, W. Hu, and N. Jing.2019. Quantum image edge extraction based on Laplacian operator and zero-cross method. Quantum Information Processing 18, 27 (2019).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.919698"},{"issue":"127334","key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","article-title":"A novel quantum image encryption technique based on improved controlled alternated quantum walks and hyperchaotic system","volume":"598","author":"Gao Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Gao, H. Xie, J. Zhang, and H. Zhang.2022. A novel quantum image encryption technique based on improved controlled alternated quantum walks and hyperchaotic system. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 598, 127334 (2022).","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"039301","key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","article-title":"Comment on \u201dCan two-photon correlation of chaotic light be considered as correlation of intensity fluctuations?\u201d","volume":"98","author":"Gatti A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. Gatti, M. Bondani, L. A. Lugiato, M. G. A. Paris, and C. Fabre.2007. Comment on \u201dCan two-photon correlation of chaotic light be considered as correlation of intensity fluctuations?\u201d Physical Review Letters 98, 039301 (2007).","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","article-title":"Quantum imaging","volume":"4","author":"Gatti A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. Gatti, E. Brambilla, and L. Lugiato.2002. Quantum imaging. Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics 4, 3 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","article-title":"A hybrid quantum image edge detector for the NISQ era","volume":"4","author":"Geng A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Geng, A. Moghiseh, C. Redenbach, and K. Schladitz.2022. A hybrid quantum image edge detector for the NISQ era. Quantum Machine Intelligence 4, 15 (2022).","journal-title":"Quantum Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"104","key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","article-title":"Improved FRQI on superconducting processors and its restrictions in the NISQ era","volume":"22","author":"Geng A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"A. Geng, A. Moghiseh, C. Redenbach, and K. Schladitz.2023. Improved FRQI on superconducting processors and its restrictions in the NISQ era. Quantum Information Processing 22, 104 (2023).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/teme-2023-0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.3039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","unstructured":"R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods. 2018. Digital Image Processing (4th ed.). Pearson Education."},{"issue":"183","key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","article-title":"Comment on \u201cAn encryption protocol for NEQR images based on one-particle quantum walks on a circle\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Grassl. M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Grassl.2021. Comment on \u201cAn encryption protocol for NEQR images based on one-particle quantum walks on a circle\u201d. Quantum Information Processing 20, 183 (2021).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"issue":"148","key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","article-title":"New look on quantum representation of images: Fourier transform representation","volume":"19","author":"Grigoryan A. M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. M. Grigoryan and S. S. Agaian.2020. New look on quantum representation of images: Fourier transform representation. Quantum Information Processing 19, 148 (2020).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab8505"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2018.11.002"},{"issue":"4129","key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","article-title":"Advanced quantum image representation and compression using a DCT-EFRQI approach","volume":"13","author":"Haque M. E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. E. Haque, M. Paul, A. Ulhaq, and T. Debnath.2023. Advanced quantum image representation and compression using a DCT-EFRQI approach. Scientific Reports 13, 4129 (2023).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0253-6102\/67\/6\/732"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749917500393"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","article-title":"A dual quantum image scrambling method","volume":"18","author":"Heidari S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Heidari, M. Vafaei, M. Houshmand, and N. Tabatabaey-Mashadi.2019. A dual quantum image scrambling method. Quantum Information Processing 18, 9 (2019).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937390"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-014-2245-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","volume-title":"IBM Unveils 400 Qubit-Plus Quantum Processor and Next-Generation IBM Quantum System Two","year":"2022","unstructured":"IBM. 2022. IBM Unveils 400 Qubit-Plus Quantum Processor and Next-Generation IBM Quantum System Two. Retrieved from https:\/\/newsroom.ibm.com\/2022-11-09-IBM-Unveils-400-Qubit-Plus-Quantum-Processor-and-Next-Generation-IBM-Quantum-System-Two"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e15082874"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749911008015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.09.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Insights into the viability of using available photonic quantum technologies for efficient image and video processing applications","volume":"9","author":"Iliyasu A. M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. M. Iliyasu, P. Q. Le, F. Yan, B. Sun, J. A. Garcia, F. Dong, and K. Hirota. 2013. Insights into the viability of using available photonic quantum technologies for efficient image and video processing applications. International Journal of Unconventional Computing 9, 1-2 (2013), 125\u2013151.","journal-title":"International Journal of Unconventional Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJICA.2013.053179"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e18100360"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","unstructured":"Intel. 2023. Intel\u2019s New Chip to Advance Silicon Spin Qubit Research for Quantum Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/newsroom\/news\/quantum-computing-chip-to-advance-research.html"},{"issue":"194","key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","article-title":"Implementation of a quantum image watermarking scheme using NEQR on IBM quantum experience","volume":"21","author":"Iranmanesh S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Iranmanesh, R. Atta, and M. Ghanbari. 2022. Implementation of a quantum image watermarking scheme using NEQR on IBM quantum experience. Quantum Information Processing 21, 194 (2022).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-016-1364-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-016-3073-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-018-3989-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3483-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3593-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-1099-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-014-2294-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0841-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-014-2046-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-0986-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-015-2640-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-019-2306-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2011.p0698"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-010-0177-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Fast geometric transformations on quantum images","volume":"40","author":"Le P. Q.","year":"2010","unstructured":"P. Q. Le, A. M. Iliyasu, F. Dong, and K. Hirota. 2010. Fast geometric transformations on quantum images. IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics 40, 3 (2010), 113\u2013123.","journal-title":"IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2010.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942986"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2871691"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-020-02654-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-018-3887-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0521-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3591364"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0705-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-022-04078-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2022.127476"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2023.117015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749918500314"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749918500053"},{"issue":"49","key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","article-title":"Quantum image median filtering in the spatial domain","volume":"17","author":"Li P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"P. Li, X. Liu, and H. Xiao. 2018. Quantum image median filtering in the spatial domain. Quantum Information Processing 17, 49 (2018).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-019-2479-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-019-2559-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2020.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab9f93"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-016-1304-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-022-00089-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","article-title":"Imaging reconstruction comparison of different ghost imaging algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Liu H. C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. C. Liu. 2020. Imaging reconstruction comparison of different ghost imaging algorithms. Scientific Reports 10, 1 (2020).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-018-3813-4"},{"issue":"3103012","key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","article-title":"Quantum image segmentation based on grayscale morphology","volume":"3","author":"Liu W.","year":"2022","unstructured":"W. Liu, L. Wang, and M. Cui. 2022. Quantum image segmentation based on grayscale morphology. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 3, 3103012 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering"},{"issue":"244","key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","article-title":"Similarity assessment of quantum images","volume":"18","author":"Liu X.","year":"2019","unstructured":"X. Liu, R. Zhou, A. El-Rafei, F. Li, and R. Xu. 2019. Similarity assessment of quantum images. Quantum Information Processing 18, 244 (2019).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","article-title":"Comparison of the similarity between two quantum images","volume":"12","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Liu, Z. Qi, and Q. Liu. 2022. Comparison of the similarity between two quantum images. Scientific Reports 12, 1 (2022).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pseudo-color enhancement method for quantum images based on IBM qiskit","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Z. Liu, S. Zhu, Z. Wei, Y. Zang, W. Sun, and G. Hu. 2023. Pseudo-color enhancement method for quantum images based on IBM qiskit. Computer and Modernization4 (2023), 47\u201355.","journal-title":"Computer and Modernization"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7173-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.200503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0881-0"},{"issue":"27","key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","article-title":"Quantum image processing?","volume":"16","author":"Mastriani M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Mastriani. 2017. Quantum image processing? Quantum Information Processing 16, 27 (2017).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00847-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/PT.3.4163"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/PT.3.1618"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010294"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010294"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-016-1260-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","article-title":"Time-efficient object recognition in quantum ghost imaging","volume":"6","author":"Moodley C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"C. Moodley, A. Ruget, J. Leach, and A. Forbes. 2022. Time-efficient object recognition in quantum ghost imaging. Advanced Quantum Technologies 6, 2 (2022).","journal-title":"Advanced Quantum Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26421\/QIC20.7-8-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","volume-title":"Quantum Computation and Quantum Information","author":"Nielsen M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Nielsen and I. Chuang. 2000. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20904\/271001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.08.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.52.R3429"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","unstructured":"QRNGSamsung. 2023. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.idquantique.com\/random-number-generation\/qrng-use-c"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6476-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-016-1391-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6671613"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6671613"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/elk-1705-396"},{"issue":"2401","key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","article-title":"Quantum face recognition protocol with ghost imagings","volume":"13","author":"Salari V.","year":"2023","unstructured":"V. Salari, D. Paneru, E. Saglamyurek, M. Ghadimi, M. Abdar, M. Rezaee, M. Aslani, S. Barzanjeh, and E. Karimi. 2023. Quantum face recognition protocol with ghost imagings. Scientific Reports 13, 2401 (2023).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","article-title":"A novel quantum representation of color digital images","volume":"16","author":"Sang J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Sang, S. Wang, and Q. Li. 2017. A novel quantum representation of color digital images. Quantum Information Processing 16, 42 (2017).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-1135-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","first-page":"340","article-title":"A novel representation for multi-channel log-polar quantum images","volume":"6","author":"Sang J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"J. Sang, S. Wang, X. Song, X. Yan, and X. Niu. 2015. A novel representation for multi-channel log-polar quantum images. Journal of Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing 6, 2 (2015), 340\u2013350.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.063602"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0399-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0396-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0738-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0768-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0629-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2013.p0404"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2014.p0140"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.485960"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","volume-title":"arXiv preprint quant-ph\/9703010","author":"Vlasov A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"A. Vlasov. 1997. Quantum computations and images recognition. arXiv preprint quant-ph\/9703010."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-019-04331-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-015-2800-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0843-6"},{"issue":"302","key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","article-title":"An improved two-threshold quantum segmentation algorithm for NEQR image","volume":"21","author":"Wang L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Wang, Z. Deng, and W. Liu. 2022. An improved two-threshold quantum segmentation algorithm for NEQR image. Quantum Information Processing 21, 302 (2022).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09599-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/abac39"},{"issue":"346","key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","article-title":"Order-encoded quantum image model and parallel histogram specification","volume":"18","author":"Xu G.","year":"2019","unstructured":"G. Xu, X. Xu, X. Wang, and X. Wang. 2019. Order-encoded quantum image model and parallel histogram specification. Quantum Information Processing 18, 346 (2019).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970016"},{"issue":"282","key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","article-title":"Quantum image rotation by an arbitrary angle","volume":"16","author":"Yan F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"F. Yan, K. Chen, S. E. Venegas-Andraca, and J. Zhao. 2017. Quantum image rotation by an arbitrary angle. Quantum Information Processing 16, 282 (2017).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-022-03435-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120282"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3159863"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2017.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749917300017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-1195-6"},{"issue":"052102","key":"e_1_3_1_152_2","article-title":"Strategy for quantum image stabilization","volume":"59","author":"Yan F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"F. Yan, A. M. Iliyasu, H. Yang, and K. Hirota. 2016. Strategy for quantum image stabilization. Science China Information Sciences 59, 052102 (2016).","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-018-7070-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_154_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","author":"Yan F.","year":"2012","unstructured":"F. Yan, P. Q. Le, A. M. Iliyasu, B. Sun, J. A. Garcia, F. Dong, and K. Hirota. 2012. Assessing the similarity of quantum images based on probability measurements. In Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.06.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2023.103621"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-023-08655-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9331-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-06669-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2021.103149"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.02.124"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.01.078"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0612-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.7.031041"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219749916500362"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0862-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0733-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3403-x"},{"issue":"321","key":"e_1_3_1_170_2","article-title":"Quantum color image median filtering in the spatial domain: Theory and experiment","volume":"21","author":"Yuan S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Yuan, X. Qing, B. Hang, and H. Qu. 2022. Quantum color image median filtering in the spatial domain: Theory and experiment. Quantum Information Processing 21, 321 (2022).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-019-04166-9"},{"issue":"425","key":"e_1_3_1_172_2","article-title":"The dual-threshold quantum image segmentation algorithm and its simulation","volume":"19","author":"Yuan S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Yuan, C. Wen, and Y. Gong. 2020. The dual-threshold quantum image segmentation algorithm and its simulation. Quantum Information Processing 19, 425 (2020).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-022-03709-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_174_2","first-page":"343","article-title":"A pseudo color coding method for quantum image","volume":"39","author":"Zang Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Zang, S. Zhu, Z. Wei, Z. Liu, X. Lin, and W. Sun. 2022. A pseudo color coding method for quantum image. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics 39, 3 (2022), 343\u2013353.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0423-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-014-5158-9","article-title":"QSobel: A novel quantum image edge extraction algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, K. Lu, and Y. Gao. 2015. QSobel: A novel quantum image edge extraction algorithm. Science China Information Sciences 58 (2015), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0567-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0587-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-021-04891-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-0926-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-020-02794-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-021-04747-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-019-2377-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_184_2","article-title":"Quantum realization of the bilinear interpolation method for NEQR","volume":"7","author":"Zhou R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Zhou, W. Hu, P. Fan, and H. Lan. 2017. Quantum realization of the bilinear interpolation method for NEQR. Scientific Reports 7, 1 (2017).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3463-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-015-0964-6"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_3_1_187_2","article-title":"Quantum multidimensional color image scaling using nearest-neighbor interpolation based on the extension of FRQI","volume":"31","author":"Zhou R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Zhou, C. Tan, and P. Fan. 2017. Quantum multidimensional color image scaling using nearest-neighbor interpolation based on the extension of FRQI. Quantum Information Processing 31, 17 (2017).","journal-title":"Quantum Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-017-3279-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-014-2402-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-021-04829-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-012-1274-8"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3663577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3663577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:57:59Z","timestamp":1750294679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3663577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3663577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3663577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2643-6809","type":"print"},{"value":"2643-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}