{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:11:24Z","timestamp":1776132684244,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":64,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3664476.3670470","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T12:35:50Z","timestamp":1721910950000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Model-based Approach for Assessing the Security of Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3692-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Teixeira De Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Sud Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8150-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Mines-T\u00e9l\u00e9com, T\u00e9l\u00e9com SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5775-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamal","family":"El Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires (IRISA), Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Sud (UBS), France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Blouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Networks, Telecom Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Leneutre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecom Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panos","family":"Papadimitratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2012.2211873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Apvrille et al.2013. SYSML-SEC: A SYSML ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SECURE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. Yokohama Japan."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apvrille et al.2015. SysML-Sec Attack Graphs: Compact Representations for Complex Attacks. In GraMSec@CSF.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29968-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla et al.2012. Model-Driven Software Engineering in Practice. Vol.\u00a01.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02546-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"52nd ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC). 1\u20136.","author":"Balaji","unstructured":"Balaji et al.2015. Models, abstractions, and architectures: The missing links in cyber-physical systems. In 52nd ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC). 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCAM.2019.00035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"1989. What you always wanted to know about Datalog(and never dared to ask)","author":"Ceri","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ceri et al.1989. What you always wanted to know about Datalog(and never dared to ask). IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering 1, 1 (1989), 146\u2013166."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Human System Interaction. 687\u2013694","author":"Cavalieri 0.","unstructured":"Cavalieri et al.2010. Evaluating impact of security on OPC UA performance. In 3rd International Conference on Human System Interaction. 687\u2013694."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security","author":"C\u00e1rdenas","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas et al.2011. Attacks against process control systems: risk assessment, detection, and response. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (Hong Kong, China) (ASIACCS \u201911). New York, NY, USA, 355\u2013366."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheikes et al.2011. Common platform enumeration: Naming specification version 2.3.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"IEEE 36th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC). 1\u20136.","author":"Chen","unstructured":"Chen et al.2017. Cyber-physical system enabled nearby traffic flow modelling for autonomous vehicles. In IEEE 36th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC). 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carter et al.2019. Cyber-Physical Systems Modeling for Security Using SysML. 665\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-00114-8_53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00114-8_53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doukari et al.[n. d.]. Towards an Interoperable Approach for Modelling and Managing Smart Building Data: The Case of the CESI Smart Building Demonstrator. 12 3 ([n. d.]).","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Model Driven Software Security Architecture of Systems-of-Systems. In 23rd Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC). 89\u201396","author":"El\u00a0Hachem","unstructured":"El\u00a0Hachem et al.2016. Model Driven Software Security Architecture of Systems-of-Systems. In 23rd Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC). 89\u201396."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"2019 26th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC). 363\u2013370","author":"El\u00a0Hachem","unstructured":"El\u00a0Hachem et al.2019. Using Bayesian Networks for a Cyberattacks Propagation Analysis in Systems-of-Systems. In 2019 26th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC). 363\u2013370."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.110484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"2005. An Overview of the SAE Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) Standard: A Basis for Model-Based Architecture-Driven Embedded Systems Engineering","author":"Feiler","unstructured":"Feiler et al.2005. An Overview of the SAE Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) Standard: A Basis for Model-Based Architecture-Driven Embedded Systems Engineering. In Architecture Description Languages, Pierre Dissaux, Mamoun Filali-Amine, Pierre Michel, and Fran\u00e7ois Vernadat (Eds.). Boston, MA, 3\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Graphical Models for Security, Massimiliano Albanese, Ross Horne, and Christian\u00a0W","author":"Fila","unstructured":"Fila et al.2019. Attack\u2013Defense Trees for Abusing Optical Power Meters: A Case Study and the OSEAD Tool Experience Report. In Graphical Models for Security, Massimiliano Albanese, Ross Horne, and Christian\u00a0W. Probst (Eds.). Cham, 95\u2013125."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Gartenberg et al.2021. Security startup Verkada hack exposes 150 000 security cameras in Tesla factories jails and more. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/3\/9\/22322122\/verkada-hack-150000-security-cameras-tesla-factory-cloudflare-jails-hospitals"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"2022. CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool. Empirical Software Engineering","author":"Temple","year":"2022","unstructured":"G.\u00a0Temple et al.2022. CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool. Empirical Software Engineering volume 28, 18 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Holloway et al.2015. Stuxnet Worm Attack on Iranian Nuclear Facilities. http:\/\/large.stanford.edu\/courses\/2015\/ph241\/holloway1\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"2018. Towards Modeling Cyber-Physical Systems with SysML\/MARTE\/pCCSL","author":"Huang","unstructured":"Huang et al.2018. Towards Modeling Cyber-Physical Systems with SysML\/MARTE\/pCCSL, Vol.\u00a01. Tokyo, Japan, 264\u2013269."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","author":"Johnson","unstructured":"Johnson et al.2018. A Meta Language for Threat Modeling and Attack Simulations. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (Hamburg, Germany) (ARES \u201918). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 38, 8\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2005.844422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges. In 2008 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC). 363\u2013369","author":"Lee","unstructured":"Lee et al.2008. Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges. In 2008 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC). 363\u2013369."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Eighth International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of SysTems. 191\u2013200","author":"LeMay","unstructured":"LeMay et al.2011. Model-based Security Metrics Using ADversary VIew Security Evaluation (ADVISE). In Eighth International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of SysTems. 191\u2013200."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2014.2351871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3103\/S0146411617020055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2006.145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194007003240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahnke et al.2009. OPC unified architecture.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68899-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"2020 27th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC). 178\u2013187","author":"Messe 0.","unstructured":"Messe et al.2020. An Asset-Based Assistance for Secure by Design. In 2020 27th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC). 178\u2013187."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW). 118\u2013125","author":"McCormack 0.","unstructured":"McCormack et al.2020. Security Analysis of Networked 3D Printers. In 2020 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW). 118\u2013125."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2016.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"2021. Towards the Integration of Cybersecurity Risk Assessment into Model-based Requirements Engineering","author":"Naouar","unstructured":"Naouar et al.2021. Towards the Integration of Cybersecurity Risk Assessment into Model-based Requirements Engineering. Notre Dame, IN, USA, 334\u2013344."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"2005. MulVAL: A logic-based network security analyzer","author":"Ou","unstructured":"Ou et al.2005. MulVAL: A logic-based network security analyzer, Vol.\u00a014. Baltimore, MD, 8\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"European Conference on Model Driven Architecture-Foundations and Applications. Springer, 239\u2013253","author":"Oldevik","unstructured":"Oldevik et al.2005. Toward standardised model to text transformations. In European Conference on Model Driven Architecture-Foundations and Applications. Springer, 239\u2013253."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/310889.310919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2011.2106495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2003.1231150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Sandberg et al.2010. On Security Indices for State Estimators in Power Networks."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline) 18 (Aug. 2011","author":"Smith","year":"1937","unstructured":"Smith et al.2011. A Decoupled Feedback Structure for Covertly Appropriating Networked Control Systems. IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline) 18 (Aug. 2011). ISBN: 9783902661937."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2012.2221853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 7 (12","author":"Sembiring","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sembiring et al.2015. Network Security Risk Analysis using Improved MulVAL Bayesian Attack Graphs. International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 7 (12 2015), 735\u2013753."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"2020. An Introduction to Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)","author":"Shevchenko","unstructured":"Shevchenko et al.2020. An Introduction to Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute\u2019s Insights (blog)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2020.3041999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Security and Performance Assessment of Security Countermeasures with SysML-Sec. In 10th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development","author":"Sultan","unstructured":"Sultan et al.2022. Safety, Security and Performance Assessment of Security Countermeasures with SysML-Sec. In 10th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"2022. Safety, Security and Performance Assessment of Security Countermeasures with SysML-Sec","author":"Sultan","unstructured":"Sultan et al.2022. Safety, Security and Performance Assessment of Security Countermeasures with SysML-Sec. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems","author":"Tuma 0.","unstructured":"Tuma et al.2020. Automating the early detection of security design flaws. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (Virtual Event, Canada) (MODELS \u201920). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 332\u2013342."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3257721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2022.102501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyaa003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-019-00735-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2022.2106909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2020.103201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Eclipse Foundation. 2019. Eclipse Papyrus \u2122 Modeling environment. https:\/\/eclipse.dev\/papyrus\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Eclipse Foundation. 2023. Eclipse Acceleo. https:\/\/projects.eclipse.org\/projects\/modeling.m2t.acceleo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Object\u00a0Management Group. 2008. ABOUT THE MOF MODEL TO TEXT TRANSFORMATION LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION VERSION 1.0. https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/MOFM2T\/1.0\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Doura\u00efd Naouar. 2022. MoRiA A model-based method for cybersecurity risk analysis : application to a complex naval defense system. doctoral thesis. Ecole nationale sup\u00e9rieure Mines-T\u00e9l\u00e9com Atlantique."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"OMG. 2023. ABOUT THE OMG SYSTEM MODELING LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION VERSION 2.0 BETA. https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/SysML\/2.0\/Beta1\/About-SysML"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Security in Embedded Systems: A Model-Based Approach with Risk Metrics. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation","author":"Maria Vasilevskaya","unstructured":"Maria Vasilevskaya. 2015. Security in Embedded Systems: A Model-Based Approach with Risk Metrics. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Link\u00f6ping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering."}],"event":{"name":"ARES 2024: The 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","location":"Vienna Austria","acronym":"ARES 2024"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3664476.3670470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3664476.3670470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:49:41Z","timestamp":1755881381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3664476.3670470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3664476.3670470","10.1145\/3664476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3664476.3670470","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}