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This article introduces AgriTera, an innovative solution that utilizes sub-terahertz wireless signals for accurate and non-invasive fruit ripeness sensing, without the need for physical contact. The underlying idea is that sugar and water concentrations in fruits, linked to ripening, create distinctive patterns in the wideband spectrum of reflected signals from the fruit body. AgriTera leverages the sub-THz bands due to their wide bandwidth, sensitivity to water, millimeter-scale penetration depth, and non-ionizing features. This enables high-resolution inferences from both the peel and pulp underneath. A chemometric model is developed to translate reflection spectra into well-known ripeness metrics like Dry Matter and Brix. Extensive over-the-air experiments using commercial sub-THz transceivers are conducted and compared with ground truth values from specialized sensors and a vision-based scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3665112.3665119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T17:55:10Z","timestamp":1715622910000},"page":"23-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AgriTera: Accurate Non-Invasive Fruit Ripeness Sensing via Sub-Terahertz Wireless Signals"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sayed","family":"Saad Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Atsutse","family":"Kludze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}]},{"given":"Subhajit","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}]},{"given":"Ranveer","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Corp."}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Ghasempour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Food loss - questions about the amount and causes still remain. 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Food waste research. 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Food waste and food reuse. 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"How many fruits and veggies do we waste per year? 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","article-title":"Ethylene and fruit ripening","author":"Barry C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"C. 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Baydin, J. Kono, and Y. Ghasempour, 2023. Full-duplex beamforming in the sub-terahertz regime. 48th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 1--2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"M.D. Kleinhenz and N.R. Bumgarner Using \u00b0 brix as an indicator of vegetable quality and overview of the practice."},{"volume-title":"20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Kludze A.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"A. Kludze, and Y. Ghasempour. 2023. {LeakyScatter}: A {Frequency-Agile} directional backscatter network above 100 {GHz}. 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23), 375--388."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing And Networking, 120--132","author":"Kludze A.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"A. Kludze, R. Shrestha, C. Miftah, E. Knightly, D. Mittleman, and Y. Ghasempour. 2022. 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