{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:36:25Z","timestamp":1782743785665,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM J. Comput. Sustain. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Manipulation of online discourse through organized disinformation and propaganda campaigns is a threat to information integrity and democratic dialogue. Taking cues from on-ground reports and recent literature on online trend manipulation in the Indian political landscape, we argue that organizing and consequently detecting influence operations is a\n            <jats:italic>multi-modal<\/jats:italic>\n            problem, where coordination is organized around different modalities like\n            <jats:italic>tweet<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>retweet<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>image<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>temporal<\/jats:italic>\n            . In this article, we examine three case studies of prominent hashtag campaigns on Indian X (formerly known as Twitter). Building on prior coordination detection methods, we identify communities of coordinated users across each of the four modalities. An in-depth analysis of the coordinated communities offers unique insights into the\n            <jats:italic>playbook<\/jats:italic>\n            of coordination strategies employed in the Indian context. We find that\n            <jats:italic>tweet<\/jats:italic>\n            coordination is used for hashtag trending, while\n            <jats:italic>retweet<\/jats:italic>\n            coordination aids in amplifying messaging from influential right-wing accounts. Moreover, we find distinct roles of users across modalities, where users that disseminate content through\n            <jats:italic>tweet<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>image<\/jats:italic>\n            coordination (\n            <jats:italic>disseminators<\/jats:italic>\n            ) are independent of users that amplify content through\n            <jats:italic>retweet<\/jats:italic>\n            coordination (\n            <jats:italic>amplifiers<\/jats:italic>\n            ), suggesting the existence of distinct coordination campaigns and objectives within influence operations. We conclude by highlighting the\n            <jats:italic>multi-modal<\/jats:italic>\n            approach to coordination for comprehensively characterizing influence operations, the drawbacks of temporal filtering in coordination, and the transferability and implications of our findings.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3675760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:01:11Z","timestamp":1724666471000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decoding The Playbook: Multi-Modal Characterization of Coordinated Influence Operations on Indian Social Media"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7292-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saloni","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanu","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2016.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International FLAIRS Conference, FLAIRS 2020","author":"Assenmacher Dennis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dennis Assenmacher, Lena Adam, Heike Trautmann, and Christian Grimme. 2020. 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