{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:28:05Z","timestamp":1776112085028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"MHCI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ANR-21-CE33-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-21-CE33-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012952","name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CNRS","award":["80 Prime MeMorI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80 Prime MeMorI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We explore the design of a watch that can deliver notifications through shape changes, with a specific focus on changes in curvature at the back of the watch face. We explain our design choices and the challenges we faced while creating such a watch. We conducted an experimental study to determine the absolute detection threshold (ADT) of this novel form of feedback. We compared the ADT of two different watches, both of which have a back face that can change its curvature and make contact with the wearer's wrist to notify them. These two watches exhibit different shapes when inflated with high air pressure. To determine the ADT, we conducted a standard two-down, one-up adaptive staircase procedure. Our findings show that an ADT of 3.86 psi is required to inflate the back surface for detection by participants. Overall, our qualitative findings indicate that participants enjoyed this novel type of feedback and could feel different sensations with each watch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3676495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T13:17:48Z","timestamp":1727183868000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design and Perception of a Soft Shape Change Beneath a Smartwatch"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0732-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuzhi","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS &amp; Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7811-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Sanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS &amp; Grenoble-INP, Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8982-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Coutrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS &amp; Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"Neil Aitken. 2023. Most Used Features of Smartwatches. https:\/\/whatphone.com.au\/guide\/most-used-features-ofsmartwatches\/ Last retrieved: 2023-06--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173873"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association","author":"Psychological American","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Psychological Association et al. 2019. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (2020). American Psychological Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866074"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/70.880800"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0959--5309\/43\/1\/306"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Film Casting Knife. https:\/\/www.byk-instruments.com\/en\/Physical-Properties\/Paint-Application\/Manual- Film-Applicators\/Film-Casting-Knife\/c\/p-5974?variant=2328 Last retrieved","author":"BYK.","year":"2023","unstructured":"BYK. 2023. Film Casting Knife. https:\/\/www.byk-instruments.com\/en\/Physical-Properties\/Paint-Application\/Manual- Film-Applicators\/Film-Casting-Knife\/c\/p-5974?variant=2328 Last retrieved July 26, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858498"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526113.3545644"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3374920.3374938"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300594"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300599"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Good Vibrations: How Apple Dominates the Touch Feedback Game. https:\/\/www.ifixit.com\/ News\/16768\/apple-taptic-engine-haptic-feedback Last retrieved","author":"Dixon Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor Dixon. 2019. Good Vibrations: How Apple Dominates the Touch Feedback Game. https:\/\/www.ifixit.com\/ News\/16768\/apple-taptic-engine-haptic-feedback Last retrieved July 13, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3--319--26633--6_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2022.6263"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581179"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhuzhi Fan C\u00e9line Coutrix and Alexis Sanson. 2024. Impact of surface design on the absolute detection threshold of a shape-changing back surface of a watch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/CQV7F","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/CQV7F"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649792.3649800"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/formlabs.com\/post-processing\/wash-cure\/ Last retrieved","author":"Wash Form","year":"2023","unstructured":"FormLabs. 2023. Form Wash. https:\/\/formlabs.com\/post-processing\/wash-cure\/ Last retrieved July 25, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Form3 high precision Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer. https:\/\/formlabs.com\/3d-printers\/form-3\/ Last retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"FormLabs. 2023. Form3 high precision Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer. https:\/\/formlabs.com\/3d-printers\/form-3\/ Last retrieved July 25, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/support.formlabs.com\/s\/article\/Isopropyl-Alcohol-IPA?language=en_US Last retrieved","author":"Alcohol Isopropyl","year":"2023","unstructured":"FormLabs. 2023. Isopropyl Alcohol. https:\/\/support.formlabs.com\/s\/article\/Isopropyl-Alcohol-IPA?language=en_US Last retrieved July 25, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/formlabs.com\/material-selector\/ Last retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"FormLabs. 2023. Materials. https:\/\/formlabs.com\/material-selector\/ Last retrieved July 25, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Parker","author":"Forstmeier Wolfgang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolfgang Forstmeier, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, and Timothy H. Parker. 2017. Detecting and avoiding likely falsepositive findings -- a practical guide. Biological Reviews 92 (November 2017), 1941--1968. Issue 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10. 1111\/brv.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2009.4810819"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Psychophysics: the fundamentals","author":"Gescheider George A","unstructured":"George A Gescheider. 2016. Psychophysics: the fundamentals (third ed.). Routledge, Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK. 46--54,183--186 pages. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Psychophysics-The-Fundamentals\/ Gescheider\/p\/book\/9781138984158"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Observations on active touch. Psychological review 69, 6","author":"Gibson James J","year":"1962","unstructured":"James J Gibson. 1962. Observations on active touch. Psychological review 69, 6 (1962), 477."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640746908400211"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2839462.2839489"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470737"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025568"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230540"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02259120"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204854"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B079GRP174\/ref=pe_3044141_189395771_TE_3p_dp_1 Last retrieved","author":"Pump Peristaltic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goso. 2023. Peristaltic Pump. https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/dp\/B079GRP174\/ref=pe_3044141_189395771_TE_3p_dp_1 Last retrieved July 29, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3441000.3441012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126594.3126598"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274564"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518749"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"The Thing and I: Understanding the Relationship between User and Product","author":"Hassenzahl Marc","unstructured":"Marc Hassenzahl. 2005. The Thing and I: Understanding the Relationship between User and Product. Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA, 31--42."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2802083.2802091"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3024969.3024983"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (Daegu, Republic of Korea) (HRI '19)","author":"Hu Yuhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuhan Hu and Guy Hoffman. 2020. Using Skin Texture Change to Design Emotion Expression in Social Robots. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (Daegu, Republic of Korea) (HRI '19). IEEE Press, 2--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3532772"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526114.3558643"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126594.3126610"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"d.]. https:\/\/www.smooth-on.com\/products\/dragon-skin-10-nv\/ Last retrieved","author":"Smooth On Inc. [n.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smooth On Inc. [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.smooth-on.com\/products\/dragon-skin-10-nv\/ Last retrieved July 24, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Standard","author":"Robots DIS","unstructured":"ISO\/DIS 10218--1 2018. Robotics ? Safety requirements for robot systems in an industrial environment ? Part 1: Robots. Standard. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Semmes-Weinstein monofilmanent sensory tests. https:\/\/www.performancehealth.com\/jamarmonofilaments Last retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamar. 2023. Semmes-Weinstein monofilmanent sensory tests. https:\/\/www.performancehealth.com\/jamarmonofilaments Last retrieved July 29, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300521"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139171731.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959--4388(00)00234--8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132272.3132291"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2010.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3432943"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490498"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445288"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174193"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300742"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.7.1439"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984583"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581486"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2638728.2638759"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300422"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Neelamegam and V. Shankar. 2015. Experimental study of the instability of laminar flow in a tube with deformable walls. Physics of Fluids 27 2 (02 2015) 024102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4907246 arXiv:https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.4907246\/14843752\/024102_1_online.pdf","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4907246"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979425"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025526"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935351"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206903"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989055"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207781"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","unstructured":"Sage (Ed.). 2022. Thematic analysis: A practical guide."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3623509.3633349"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585855"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2010.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858256"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","volume-title":"International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences 2 (01","author":"Shibin Kannathu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kannathu Shibin and Asir Samuel. 2013. The Discrimination of Two-point Touch Sense for the Upper Extremity in Indian Adults. International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences 2 (01 2013), 38--43."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0219-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/420256797 Last retrieved","author":"Siefert Emmanuel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emmanuel Siefert and Benoit Roman. 2019. https:\/\/vimeo.com\/420256797 Last retrieved July 13, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382798"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","volume-title":"Sil Poxy Glue. https:\/\/www.smooth-on.com\/products\/sil-poxy\/ Last retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smooth-on. 2023. Sil Poxy Glue. https:\/\/www.smooth-on.com\/products\/sil-poxy\/ Last retrieved July 25, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.1.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858537"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466223"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901790.2901845"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008--1390-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p250109"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3340130"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123021.3123042"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196713"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376333"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3676495","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3676495","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:16:01Z","timestamp":1755882961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3676495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"MHCI","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3676495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3676495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}