{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:46:04Z","timestamp":1776102364990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"MHCI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany","award":["01IW20002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01IW20002"]}]},{"name":"European Union?s Horizon 2020 Programm","award":["52026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Distractions caused by digital devices are increasingly causing dangerous situations on the road, particularly for more vulnerable road users like cyclists. While researchers have been exploring ways to enable richer interaction scenarios on the bike, safety concerns are frequently neglected and compromised. In this work, we propose Head 'n Shoulder, a gesture-driven approach to bike interaction without affecting bike control, based on a wearable garment that allows hands- and eyes-free interaction with digital devices through integrated capacitive sensors. It achieves an average accuracy of 97% in the final iteration, evaluated on 14 participants. Head 'n Shoulder does not rely on direct pressure sensing, allowing users to wear their everyday garments on top or underneath, not affecting recognition accuracy. Our work introduces a promising research direction: easily deployable smart garments with a minimal set of gestures suited for most bike interaction scenarios, sustaining the rider's comfort and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3676510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T13:17:48Z","timestamp":1727183868000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>Head 'n Shoulder:<\/i>\n            Gesture-Driven Biking Through Capacitive Sensing Garments to Innovate Hands-Free Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2643-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gei\u00dfler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9855-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hymalai","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9806-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Woop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Lukowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Karolus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The great bicycle boom of","author":"Bernhard Adrienne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adrienne Bernhard. 2020. The great bicycle boom of 2020. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/bespoke\/made-on-earth\/the-great-bicycle-boom-of-2020.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Friedl De Groote, and Jean-Jacques Orban De Xivry.","author":"Afschrift Maarten","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maarten Afschrift, Anouck Matthijs, Theresa De Ryck, Friedl De Groote, and Jean-Jacques Orban De Xivry. 2022. Turning the head while biking makes older people lose cycling direction and balance. bioRxiv (2022), 2022--03."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2058990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Asia Sports Tech. 2023. Opportunities and challenges brought by the emerging popularity of cycling. https:\/\/asiasportstech.com\/portfolio\/emerging-popularity-in-cycling\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2835587.2835589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460421.3480418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-022-00318--9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3188331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Bike-Components GmbH. 2024. Ergonomics 101 -- Making Adjustments to Your Bike. https:\/\/www.bike-components.de\/blog\/en\/guides\/ergonomics-101-making-adjustments-to-your-bike\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3427314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2817721.2817748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19439962.2019.1591559"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130903381180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2140701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EHB47216.2019.8969993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 2019. The Netherlands Prohibits the Use of Mobile Phones on Bicycles - European Commission. https:\/\/urban-mobility-observatory.transport.ec.europa.eu\/news-events\/news\/netherlands-prohibits-use-mobile-phones-bicycles-2019-08--12_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Hymalai Bello, Lala Shakti Swarup Ray, Emil Woop, Bo Zhou, Paul Lukowicz, and Gesche Joost.","author":"Gei\u00dfler Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Gei\u00dfler, Esther Friederike Zahn, Hymalai Bello, Lala Shakti Swarup Ray, Emil Woop, Bo Zhou, Paul Lukowicz, and Gesche Joost. 2023. MoCa'Collection: Normalizing Dynamic Textile Geometry with Capacitive Sensing in Design Centric Wearables. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing & the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computing. 276--280."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66165-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3677544"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"The Power of Training: How Different Neural Network Setups Influence the Energy Demand. arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.01851","author":"Gei\u00dfler Daniel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daniel Gei\u00dfler, Bo Zhou, Mengxi Liu, Sungho Suh, and Paul Lukowicz. 2024. The Power of Training: How Different Neural Network Setups Influence the Energy Demand. arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.01851 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Latent Inspector: An Interactive Tool for Probing Neural Network Behaviors Through Arbitrary Latent Activation.. In IJCAI. 7127--7130.","author":"Gei\u00dfler Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Gei\u00dfler, Bo Zhou, Paul Lukowicz, and RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau. 2023. Latent Inspector: An Interactive Tool for Probing Neural Network Behaviors Through Arbitrary Latent Activation.. In IJCAI. 7127--7130."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123024.3123158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2634317.2634328"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152832.3152871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2015. Texas Instruments FDC2214 4-Ch 28-bit capacitance to digital converter. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/FDC2214. Accessed: 2023-09--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3546732"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Krizhevsky Alex","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E Hinton. 2012. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 25, 2 (2012), 1097--1105."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901790.2901844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451678"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Capafoldable: self-tracking foldable smart textiles with capacitive sensing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.05370","author":"Swarup Ray Lala Shakti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lala Shakti Swarup Ray, Daniel Gei\u00dfler, Bo Zhou, Paul Lukowicz, and Berit Greinke. 2023. Capafoldable: self-tracking foldable smart textiles with capacitive sensing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.05370 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3441316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTCC50638.2020.9259741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15837\/ijccc.2020.3.3856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"ShieldEx. 2006. Shieldex\u00ae Shieldex\u00ae Porto RS. https:\/\/www.shieldex.de\/products\/shieldex-porto-rs\/. Accessed: 2023-09--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543651.2543660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Statista. 2023. E-bike unit sales Europe. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/276036\/unit-sales-e-bikes-europe\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912046"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"UK Department for Transport. 2023. The Highway Code - Rules for Cyclists (59 to 82) - Guidance. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/the-highway-code\/rules-for-cyclists-59-to-82."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"USB Implementers Forum. 2001. Human Interface Devices (HID) Specifications and Tools textbar USB-IF. https:\/\/www.usb.org\/hid."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3206505.3206527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451580"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490099.3511127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379503.3405660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAwST.2017.8256495"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3--319--93885--1_59"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2016.7524542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631431"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3676510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3676510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:15:14Z","timestamp":1755882914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3676510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"MHCI","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3676510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3676510","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}