{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T23:06:22Z","timestamp":1780959982050,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1837224 and 2031382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1837224 and 2031382"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:bold>\n . The increasing demand for computing skills has led to a rapid rise in the development of new computer science (CS) curricula, many with the goal of equitably broadening the participation of underrepresented students in CS. While such initiatives are vital, factors outside of the school environment also play a role in influencing students\u2019 interests. In this article, we examined the effects of students\u2019 perceived parental support on their interest in computer programming and explored the mechanisms through which this effect may have been established as students participated in an introductory CS instructional unit.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Participants<\/jats:bold>\n . This instructional unit was implemented with upper primary (grade 5) school students and was designed to broaden trajectories for participation in CS. The participants in the current study (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \n \\(=\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 170) came from six classrooms in two rural schools in the western United States.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Study Method<\/jats:bold>\n . The seven-week instructional unit began with students playing a commercial CS tabletop board game that highlighted fundamental programming concepts and transitioned to having students create their own board game levels in the block-based programming language, Scratch. Further, because the board game could be taken home, the instructional unit offered opportunities to involve the family in school-based CS activities. To investigate the effect of students\u2019 perception of parental (specifically father and mother) support on their interest in and self-efficacy to pursue CS, we surveyed students before and after the unit\u2019s implementations and explored the structural relationship of the data using structural equation modeling.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n . We present three findings. First, the combined effect of students\u2019 perceived mother\u2019s and father\u2019s support measured prior to the implementation (pre-survey) predicted students\u2019 self-efficacy (Standardized Estimate (\n \n \\({\\boldsymbol{\\beta}}\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n )\n \n \\(=\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.37, standard error\n \n \\(=\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.010,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \n \\( \\lt \\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n .001) and interest in computer programming (Standardized Estimate (\n \n \\({\\boldsymbol{\\beta}}\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n )\n \n \\(=\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.328, standard error\n \n \\(=\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.134,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \n \\( \\lt \\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n .003) measured after the implementation (post-survey). Secondly, the combined effect of perceived mother and father support (Standardized Estimate (\n \n \\({\\boldsymbol{\\beta}}\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n )\n \n \\(=\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.132, 95% CI [0.039, 0.399], 99% CI [0.017, 0.542]) on students\u2019 interest was mediated by whether or not they took the CS board game home.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n . Our findings indicate that perceived parental support has the potential to play an important role in students\u2019 self-efficacy and interest in computer programming and that providing opportunities for students to bring CS artifacts home has the potential to further affect students\u2019 interest in computer programming.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3676888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T13:33:56Z","timestamp":1720704836000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Examining the Role of Parental Support on Youth\u2019s Interest in and Self-Efficacy of Computer Programming"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7922-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5434-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jody","family":"Clarke-Midura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5372-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimi","family":"Recker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287324.3287358"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3230994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2793107.2793127"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","volume-title":"The Role of Parent Perceptions and Beliefs","author":"Ames Carole","year":"1995","unstructured":"Carole Ames, Lizanne de Stefano, Thomas Watkins, and Steven Sheldon. 1995. The Role of Parent Perceptions and Beliefs. Center on Families, Communities, Schools, and Children\u2019s Learning, Michigan State University."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677292"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Journal of STEM Education","author":"Bahar Abdulkadir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdulkadir Bahar and Tufan Adiguzel. 2016. Analysis of Factors Influencing Interest in STEM Career: Comparison between American and Turkish High School Students with High Ability. Journal of STEM Education 10 (Sep. 2016), 64\u201369."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","volume-title":"Teachnology: Drop-Out Prevention by Increasing Parent Involvement through Text Messaging","author":"Bajar Jayson Troy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jayson Troy Bajar and Mary Ann Bajar. 2019. Teachnology: Drop-Out Prevention by Increasing Parent Involvement through Text Messaging. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3729711. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY. Retrieved from https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3729711"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"617","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory","author":"Bandura Albert","year":"1986","unstructured":"Albert Bandura. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, xiii, 617."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"ix","volume-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura Albert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Albert Bandura. 1997. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W H Freeman\/Times Books\/ Henry Holt & Co, New York, NY, ix, 604."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijgbl.2011040105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2014.963363"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017751"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","author":"Brown Timothy A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Timothy A. Brown. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. Guilford publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2\u201322111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287324.3287509"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3231003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3425710"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319445"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.2.369"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677305"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"What Predicts Middle School Girls\u2019 Interest in Computing?","volume":"3","author":"Denner Jill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jill Denner. 2011. What Predicts Middle School Girls\u2019 Interest in Computing? Science and Technology 3, 1 (2011), 17.","journal-title":"Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091552114535624"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9677-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0801_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410903353302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/748467"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1912.1999.tb00220.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2015.1033128"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-005-3949-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372782.3406273"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611435530"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2015.1030022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4102_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1002_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00345"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2013.807488"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289233"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"534","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline Rex B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rex B. Kline. 2016. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed). Guilford Press, New York, NY, xvii, 534."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","volume-title":"Factor Analysis as a Statistical Method","author":"Lawley Derrick Norman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Derrick Norman Lawley and Albert Ernest Maxwell. 1971. Factor Analysis as a Statistical Method. Butterworths."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2016.1271536"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3361721.3361730"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-0045.1996.tb00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1994.1027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2008.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3372568"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3446871.3469740"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9351-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2014.901283"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.49.3.290"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089484530002700205"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.35.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.524"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2021.1947642"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2011.587723"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029315"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831218772274"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037276.2037278"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/63.3.581"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3069658.3069673"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences","author":"Sawyer R. Keith","year":"2006","unstructured":"R. Keith Sawyer. 2006. The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3545945.3569873"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023530612699"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307309919"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677303"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","unstructured":"J. H. Steiger and Lind. 1980. Statistically Based Tests for the Number of Common Factors. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society. Retrieved from https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/naid\/10012870999\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372782.3406281"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2023. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-0045.2002.tb00591"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2003.12069084"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychology","author":"Ullman Jodie B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jodie B. Ullman and Peter M. Bentler. 2012. Structural Equation Modeling. In Handbook of Psychology (2nd ed.). Wiley, 30."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308321456"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2839509.2844620"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4310\/SII.2009.v2.n4.a7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01745.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1953163.1953275"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2022.103839"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3440890"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3676888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3676888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:19:12Z","timestamp":1750295952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3676888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3676888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3676888","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}