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The security of VR devices directly impacts user authentication and privacy. Currently, no attention has been paid to the vulnerabilities and security risks of VR devices. This article employs a bi-layer BiLSTM neural network to conduct a root cause analysis for user authentication and scene interaction when users enter metaverse environment using VR devices. By establishing the mapping between vulnerable VR firmware file attributes and metaverse interaction scenarios, we implement a vulnerability discovery and verification prototype called VRVul-Discovery, based on the concept of vulnerability discovery. Experiment results demonstrate that VRVul-Discovery provides high-accuracy determinations of firmware vulnerability attributes and scenarios susceptible to hijacking. In the end, the prototype system discovers seven unknown vulnerabilities, all of which are authenticated.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3677609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T16:33:23Z","timestamp":1720802003000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["VRVul-Discovery: BiLSTM-based Vulnerability Discovery for Virtual Reality Devices in Metaverse"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5547-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letian","family":"Sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1311-4994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China and Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7364-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuheng Lab, Bytedance, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7355-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangbo","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6112-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1693-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiankuo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-022-10364-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"1905","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC \u201923)","author":"Hashash Omar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Omar Hashash, Christina Chaccour, Walid Saad, Kei Sakaguchi, and Tao Yu. 2023. 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