{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:59:45Z","timestamp":1750309185029,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","award":["DE-AC52-07NA27344, LLNL-JRNL-819169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC52-07NA27344, LLNL-JRNL-819169"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This is\n            <jats:italic>Part\u00a03<\/jats:italic>\n            of a trio of papers that unify in a natural way the two historically distinct parallel discrete event synchronization paradigms, optimistic and conservative, combining the best properties of both into a single framework called\n            <jats:italic>Unified Virtual Time (UVT)<\/jats:italic>\n            . In this part, we survey the synchronization effects that can be achieved by restricting to corner cases the relationships permitted among the control variables,\n            <jats:monospace>GVT<\/jats:monospace>\n            ,\n            <jats:monospace>CVT<\/jats:monospace>\n            ,\n            <jats:monospace>TVT<\/jats:monospace>\n            , and\n            <jats:monospace>LVT<\/jats:monospace>\n            , which were defined in\n            <jats:italic>Part 1<\/jats:italic>\n            . We also survey various throttling policies from the literature and describe how they can be implemented in UVT by controlling the value of\n            <jats:monospace>TVT<\/jats:monospace>\n            , including policies that can take advantage of rollback in addition to LP blocking. A significant result is a new category of efficient and higher precision throttling algorithms for optimistic execution that are based on\n            <jats:italic>optimistic lookahead<\/jats:italic>\n            , defined in a way that is symmetric to what we now call the\n            <jats:italic>conservative lookahead<\/jats:italic>\n            information that is traditionally used for conservative synchronization. Finally, we present a novel algorithm allowing the choice between lazy and aggressive cancellation to be made on a message-by-message basis using either external logic expressed in the model code, or policy code internal to the simulator, or a mixture of both.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3678173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:00:03Z","timestamp":1721217603000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual Time III, Part 3: Throttling and Message Cancellation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3991-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Peter D.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT.2006.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS90 Multiconference on Distributed Simulation","author":"Ball D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"D. Ball and S. Hoyt. 1990. The adaptive time warp concurrency control algorithm. In Proceedings of the SCS90 Multiconference on Distributed Simulation. 174\u2013177."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1985 SCS Conference on Distributed Simulation","author":"Berry O.","year":"1985","unstructured":"O. Berry and D. Jefferson. 1985. Critical path analysis of distributed simulation. In Proceedings of the 1985 SCS Conference on Distributed Simulation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Performance Evaluation of the Time Warp Distributed Simulation Mechanism","author":"Berry O.","year":"1986","unstructured":"O. Berry. 1986. Performance Evaluation of the Time Warp Distributed Simulation Mechanism. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1979.230182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10thWorkshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201996)","author":"Das S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"S. Das. 1995. Estimating the cost of throttled execution in time warp. Proceedings of the 10thWorkshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201996). 186\u2013189."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/256562.256602"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","article-title":"Adaptive memory management and optimism control in time warp","volume":"7","author":"Das S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Das and R. Fujimoto. 1997. Adaptive memory management and optimism control in time warp. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS) 7, 2 (1997).","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/PADS.1995.404309","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9thWorkshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201995)","author":"Ferscha A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"A. Ferscha. 1995. Probabilistic adaptive direct optimism control in time warp. In Proceedings of the 9thWorkshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201995). 120\u2013129."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/829527.831198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Rollback mechanisms for optimistic distributed simulation systems","volume":"19","year":"1988","unstructured":"A. Gafni. 1988. Rollback mechanisms for optimistic distributed simulation systems. In Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation 19, 61\u201367.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/174134.158481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/182478.182523","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8thWorkshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201994)","author":"Gunter M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"M. Gunter. 1994. Understanding supercritical speedup. In Proceedings of the 8thWorkshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201994), 81\u201387."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"Fast Concurrent Simulation Using the Time Warp Mechanism. Part I: Local Control","author":"Jefferson D. R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"D. R. Jefferson and H. Sowizral. 1982. Fast Concurrent Simulation Using the Time Warp Mechanism. Part I: Local Control, RAND Note N-1906-AF. The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3916.3988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on the Principles of Distributed Computing","author":"Jefferson D. R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"D. R. Jefferson. 1990. Virtual time II: Storage management in conservative and optimistic systems. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on the Principles of Distributed Computing, Quebec City, Quebec."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual Simulation Symposium","author":"Jefferson D. R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"D. R. Jefferson and P. Reiher. 1991. Supercritical speedup. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Simulation Symposium, A. H. Rutan (Ed.). IEEE Computer Society Press, 59\u2013168."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3505248","article-title":"Virtual time III, Part 1: Unified virtual time synchronization for parallel discrete event simulation","volume":"32","author":"Jefferson D. R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. R. Jefferson and P. Barnes, Jr. 2023a. Virtual time III, Part 1: Unified virtual time synchronization for parallel discrete event simulation. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS) 32, 4 (2023), 1\u201329.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3505249","article-title":"Virtual time III, Part 2: Combining conservative and optimistic synchronization","volume":"32","author":"Jefferson D. R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. R. Jefferson and P. Barnes, Jr. 2023b. Virtual time III, Part 2: Combining conservative and optimistic synchronization. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS) 32, 4 (2023), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC\u201998)","author":"Jones K.","year":"1998","unstructured":"K. Jones and S. Das. 1998. Combining optimism limiting schemes in time warp based parallel simulation. In Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC\u201998). 499\u2013506."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 9th IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT\u201905)","author":"Lees M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"M. Lees, B. Logan, C. Dan, T. Oguara, and G. Theodoropoulos. 2005. Decision-theoretic throttling for optimistic simulations of multi-agent systems. In Proceedings of the 2005 9th IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT\u201905). 171\u2013178."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PADS.2006.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT.2006.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/102810.102813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/130611.130612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation","author":"Lomow G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"G. Lomow, J. Cleary, B. Unger, and D. West. 1988. A performance study of time warp. In Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation. 50\u201355."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 1988 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Madisetti V.","year":"1988","unstructured":"V. Madisetti, J. Walrand, and D. Messerschmitt. 1988. WOLF: A rollback algorithm for optimistic distributed simulation systems. In Proceedings of 1988 Winter Simulation Conference, M. Abrams, P. Haigh, and J. Comfort (Eds.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI Design Automation of High Performance VLSI Systems","author":"Palaniswamy A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"A. Palaniswamy and P. Wilsey. 1993. Adaptive bounded time windows in an optimistically synchronized simulator. In Proceedings of the 3rd Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI Design Automation of High Performance VLSI Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.1994.717422","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Palaniswamy A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"A. Palaniswamy and P. Wilsey. 1994. Scheduling time warp processes using adaptive control techniques. In Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference. IEEE, 731\u2013738."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1145\/158459.158474","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201993)","author":"Rajaei H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"H. Rajaei, R. Ayani, and L. Thorelli. 1993. The local time warp approach to parallel simulation. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201993). 119\u2013126."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIMSYM.1995.393597"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","article-title":"Dynamic cancellation: Selecting time warp cancellation strategies at runtime","volume":"9","author":"Rajan R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"R. Rajan, R. Radhakrishnan, and P. Wilsey. 1999. Dynamic cancellation: Selecting time warp cancellation strategies at runtime. VLSA Design 9, 3 (1999).","journal-title":"VLSA Design"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549708090864","article-title":"Throttled lazy cancellation in time warp parallel simulation","volume":"84","author":"Ramadan H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"H. Ramadan. 2008. Throttled lazy cancellation in time warp parallel simulation. Simulation 84, 2\/3 (2008), 149\u2013160.","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","first-page":"630","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21stWinter Simulation Conference","author":"Reiher P. L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"P. L. Reiher, F. Wieland, and D. Jefferson. 1989. Limitation of optimism in the time warp operating system. In Proceedings of the 21stWinter Simulation Conference, E. A. MacNair, K. J. Musselman, and P. Heidelberger (Eds.). ACM, New York, 630\u2013639."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation","author":"Reiher R. L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"R. L. Reiher, R. M. Fujimoto, S. Bellenot, and D. R. Jefferson. 1990. Cancellation strategies in optimistic execution systems. In Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation. 112\u2013121."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1161734.1161812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Exploration of Cancellation Strategies for Parallel Simulation on Multi-Core Beowulf Clusters","author":"Saxena S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"S. Saxena. 2012. Exploration of Cancellation Strategies for Parallel Simulation on Multi-Core Beowulf Clusters, Master's Thesis, University of Cincinnati."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1989 International Conference on Parallel Processing","author":"Sokol L. M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"L. M. Sokol, B. Stucky, and V. Hwang. 1989. MTW: A control mechanism for parallel discrete event simulation. In Proceedings of the 1989 International Conference on Parallel Processing, Vol. III. 250\u2013254."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation","author":"Sokol L. M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"L. M. Sokol and B. K. Stucky. 1990. MTW: Experimental results for a constrained optimistic scheduling paradigm. In Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation. 169\u2013173."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.1991.185659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/224401.224705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268826.268909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIMSYM.2001.922134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation","author":"Turner S. J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"S. J. Turner and M. Q. Xu. 1992. Performance evaluation of the bounded time warp algorithm. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation. 117\u2013126."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","first-page":"577","volume-title":"Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Wang J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"J. Wang and C. Tropper. 2007. Optimizing time warp simulation with reinforcement learning techniques. In Winter Simulation Conference. IEEE, 577\u2013584."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1995456.1995620"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3678173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3678173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:54:08Z","timestamp":1750287248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3678173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3678173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3678173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1049-3301"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-1195"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}