{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:07:43Z","timestamp":1773511663866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L223002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L223002"]}]},{"name":"Youth Top Talent Support Program"},{"name":"Innovation Research Group Project of NSFC","award":["61921003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61921003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) has always served as a crucial biomedical examination for cardiac diseases monitoring and diagnosing. Typical ECG measurement requires attaching electrodes to the body, which is inconvenient for long-term monitoring. Recent wireless sensing maps wireless signals reflected from human chest into electrical activities of heart so as to reconstruct ECG contactlessly. While making great progress, we find existing works are effective only for healthy populations with normal ECG, but fall short when confronted with the most desired usage scenario: reconstructing ECG accurately for people with cardiac diseases such as atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular beat. To bridge the gap, we propose AirECG, which moves forward to reconstruct ECG for both healthy people and even cardiac patients with morbid ECG, i.e., irregular rhythm and anomalous ECG waveform, via contactless millimeter-wave sensing. To realize AirECG, we first custom-design a cross-domain diffusion model that can perform multiple iteration denoising inference, in contrast with the single-step generative models widely used in previous works. In this way, AirECG is able to identify and eliminate the distortion due to the unstable and irregular cardiac activities, so as to synthesize ECG even during abnormal beats. Furthermore, we enhance the determinacy of AirECG, i.e., to generate high-fidelity ECG, by designing a calibration guidance mechanism to combat the inherent randomness issue of the probabilistic diffusion model. Empirical evaluation demonstrates AirECG's ability of ECG synthesis with Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.955 for normal beats. Especially for abnormal beats, the PCC still exhibits a strong correlation of 0.860, with 15.0%~21.1% improvement compared with state-of-the-art approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3678550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T14:36:21Z","timestamp":1725892581000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["AirECG: Contactless Electrocardiogram for Cardiac Disease Monitoring via mmWave Sensing and Cross-domain Diffusion Model"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Langcheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1331-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2535-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8915-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-3350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anfu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-5047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huadong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1556-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4252-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangbin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunli","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4579-4449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yida","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxuan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4048-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"ECG Analysis Platform of Carepulse. https:\/\/platform.carepulse.cn:9443\/login. Accessed","year":"2023","unstructured":"2023. ECG Analysis Platform of Carepulse. https:\/\/platform.carepulse.cn:9443\/login. Accessed July 9, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/atrial-fibrillation\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350624. Accessed","author":"Fibrillation Atrial","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Atrial Fibrillation. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/atrial-fibrillation\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350624. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Accessed","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Cardiovascular diseases. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-diseases\/. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/index.carepulse.cn\/home\/index.html. Accessed","author":"Patch Carepulse","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Carepulse Patch. https:\/\/index.carepulse.cn\/home\/index.html. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/ekg\/about\/pac-20384983\/. Accessed","author":"Electrocardiogram","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/ekg\/about\/pac-20384983\/. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holter_monitor. Accessed","author":"Monitor Holter","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Holter Monitor. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holter_monitor. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Accessed","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Texas Instruments DCA1000EVM. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/DCA1000EVM. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Accessed","year":"2024","unstructured":"2024. Texas Instruments IWR1443BOOST. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/IWR1443BOOST. Accessed Jan 15, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Novel use of Apple Watch 4 to obtain 3-lead electrocardiogram and detect cardiac ischemia. The Permanente Journal 23","author":"Avila Cesar O","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cesar O Avila. 2019. Novel use of Apple Watch 4 to obtain 3-lead electrocardiogram and detect cardiac ischemia. The Permanente Journal 23 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.824789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3214721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Wavegrad: Estimating gradients for waveform generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.00713","author":"Chen Nanxin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nanxin Chen, Yu Zhang, Heiga Zen, Ron J Weiss, Mohammad Norouzi, and William Chan. 2020. Wavegrad: Estimating gradients for waveform generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.00713 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3483251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636534.3649348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"XFall: Domain Adaptive Wi-Fi-based Fall Detection with Cross-Modal Supervision","author":"Chi Guoxuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guoxuan Chi, Guidong Zhang, Xuan Ding, Qiang Ma, Zheng Yang, Zhenguo Du, Houfei Xiao, and Zhuang Liu. 2024. XFall: Domain Adaptive Wi-Fi-based Fall Detection with Cross-Modal Supervision. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.5.1531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Diffusion models beat gans on image synthesis. Advances in neural information processing systems 34","author":"Dhariwal Prafulla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prafulla Dhariwal and Alexander Nichol. 2021. Diffusion models beat gans on image synthesis. Advances in neural information processing systems 34 (2021), 8780--8794."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Alexey Dosovitskiy Lucas Beyer Alexander Kolesnikov Dirk Weissenborn Xiaohua Zhai Thomas Unterthiner Mostafa Dehghani Matthias Minderer Georg Heigold Sylvain Gelly et al. 2020. An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Leon Glass, Jeffrey M Hausdorff, Plamen Ch Ivanov, Roger G Mark, Joseph E Mietus, George B Moody, Chung-Kang Peng, and H Eugene Stanley.","author":"Goldberger Ary L","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ary L Goldberger, Luis AN Amaral, Leon Glass, Jeffrey M Hausdorff, Plamen Ch Ivanov, Roger G Mark, Joseph E Mietus, George B Moody, Chung-Kang Peng, and H Eugene Stanley. 2000. PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals. circulation 101, 23 (2000), e215-e220."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372224.3419982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network. Nature medicine 25, 1","author":"Hannun Awni Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Awni Y Hannun, Pranav Rajpurkar, Masoumeh Haghpanahi, Geoffrey H Tison, Codie Bourn, Mintu P Turakhia, and Andrew Y Ng. 2019. Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network. Nature medicine 25, 1 (2019), 65--69."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. Advances in neural information processing systems 33","author":"Ho Jonathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonathan Ho, Ajay Jain, and Pieter Abbeel. 2020. Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. Advances in neural information processing systems 33 (2020), 6840--6851."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"How useful is the smartwatch ECG? Trends in cardiovascular medicine 30, 7","author":"Isakadze Nino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nino Isakadze and Seth S Martin. 2020. How useful is the smartwatch ECG? Trends in cardiovascular medicine 30, 7 (2020), 442--448."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen-Yen Lin Wen-Cheng Chou Po-Cheng Chang Chung-Chuan Chou Ming-Shien Wen Ming-Yun Ho Wen-Chen Lee Ming-Jer Hsieh Chung-Chih Lin Tsai-Hsuan Tsai et al. 2016. Identification of location specific feature points in a cardiac cycle using a novel seismocardiogram spectrum system. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 22 2 (2016) 442--449.","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2620496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Howard HZ Thom, Julian PT Higgins, Aroon D Hingorani, George N Okoli, Philippa A Davies, Pritesh N Bodalia, Peter A Bryden, Nicky J Welton, et al.","author":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez Jos\u00e9 A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 A L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, Jonathan AC Sterne, Howard HZ Thom, Julian PT Higgins, Aroon D Hingorani, George N Okoli, Philippa A Davies, Pritesh N Bodalia, Peter A Bryden, Nicky J Welton, et al. 2017. Oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and cost effectiveness analysis. bmj 359 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"NeuroKit2: A Python toolbox for neurophysiological signal processing. Behavior research methods","author":"Makowski Dominique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dominique Makowski, Tam Pham, Zen J Lau, Jan C Brammer, Fran\u00e7ois Lespinasse, Hung Pham, Christopher Sch\u00f6lzel, and SH Annabel Chen. 2021. NeuroKit2: A Python toolbox for neurophysiological signal processing. Behavior research methods (2021), 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"John Ip, Richard Holcomb, Joseph G Akar, and Jonathan L Halperin.","author":"Martin David T","year":"2015","unstructured":"David T Martin, Malcolm M Bersohn, Albert L Waldo, Mark S Wathen, Wassim K Choucair, Gregory YH Lip, John Ip, Richard Holcomb, Joseph G Akar, and Jonathan L Halperin. 2015. Randomized trial of atrial arrhythmia monitoring to guide anticoagulation in patients with implanted defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization devices. European heart journal 36, 26 (2015), 1660--1668."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.932724"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"RF-badge: vital sign-based authentication via RFID tag array on badges","author":"Ning Jingyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jingyi Ning, Lei Xie, Chuyu Wang, Yanling Bu, Fengyuan Xu, Da-Wei Zhou, Sanglu Lu, and Baoliu Ye. 2021. RF-badge: vital sign-based authentication via RFID tag array on badges. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7590779"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.06125 1, 2","author":"Ramesh Aditya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alex Nichol, Casey Chu, and Mark Chen. 2022. Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.06125 1, 2 (2022), 3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Foad Abd-Allah, Muktar Ahmed, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam","author":"Roth Gregory A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gregory A Roth, Catherine O Johnson, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Foad Abd-Allah, Muktar Ahmed, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Hossein Ansari, Johan \u00c4rnl\u00f6v, et al. 2018. The burden of cardiovascular diseases among US states, 1990--2016. JAMA cardiology 3, 5 (2018), 375--389."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Generative modeling by estimating gradients of the data distribution. Advances in neural information processing systems 32","author":"Song Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Song and Stefano Ermon. 2019. Generative modeling by estimating gradients of the data distribution. Advances in neural information processing systems 32 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roger Stevens. 2006. Gray's Anatomy for Students.","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2006.88.5.513b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3075167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3569503","article-title":"ECG-grained Cardiac Monitoring Using UWB Signals","volume":"6","author":"Wang Zhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhi Wang, Beihong Jin, Siheng Li, Fusang Zhang, and Wenbo Zhang. 2023. ECG-grained Cardiac Monitoring Using UWB Signals. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 4 (2023), 1--25.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiacwave: A mmwave-based scheme of non-contact and high-definition heart activity computing","volume":"5","author":"Xu Chenhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chenhan Xu, Huining Li, Zhengxiong Li, Hanbin Zhang, Aditya Singh Rathore, Xingyu Chen, Kun Wang, Ming-chun Huang, and Wenyao Xu. 2021. Cardiacwave: A mmwave-based scheme of non-contact and high-definition heart activity computing. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 3 (2021), 1--26.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuzhe Yang Yuan Yuan Guo Zhang Hao Wang Ying-Cong Chen Yingcheng Liu Christopher G Tarolli Daniel Crepeau Jan Bukartyk Mithri R Junna et al. 2022. Artificial intelligence-enabled detection and assessment of Parkinson's disease using nocturnal breathing signals. Nature medicine 28 10 (2022) 2207--2215.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01932-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2019.1610370"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3699777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3219813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973762"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3678550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3678550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T14:45:38Z","timestamp":1755787538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3678550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3678550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3678550","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}