{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:28:15Z","timestamp":1783132095410,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":59,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) and French National Research Agency (ANR)","award":["EXC 2092 CASA - 390781972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2092 CASA - 390781972"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3688459.3688474","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1732091515000},"page":"337-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Balancing The Perception of Cheating Detection, Privacy and Fairness: A Mixed-Methods Study of Visual Data Obfuscation in Remote Proctoring"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvadeep","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg and Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Distler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany and Aalto University, Munich, Finland,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Lenzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2848-5527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cardoso-Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021)","author":"Balash David\u00a0G","year":"2021","unstructured":"David\u00a0G Balash, Dongkun Kim, Darika Shaibekova, Rahel\u00a0A Fainchtein, Micah Sherr, and Adam\u00a0J Aviv. 2021. Examining the examiners: Students\u2019 privacy and security perceptions of online proctoring services. In Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021). 633\u2013652."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","first-page":"571","volume-title":"31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22)","author":"Burgess Ben","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Burgess, Avi Ginsberg, Edward\u00a0W Felten, and Shaanan Cohney. 2022. Watching the watchers: bias and vulnerability in remote proctoring software. In 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22). 571\u2013588."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Chris Burt. 2019. Sensetime partners with China Tower for massive biometric video surveillance network. Biometric Update (30 Sep 2019). https:\/\/www.biometricupdate.com\/201909\/sensetime-partners-with-china-tower-for-massive-biometric-video-surveillance-network"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wm\u00a0Camron Casper Bryan\u00a0D Edwards J\u00a0Craig Wallace Ronald\u00a0S Landis and Dustin\u00a0A Fife. 2020. Selecting response anchors with equal intervals for summated rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology 105 4 (2020) 390.","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datong Chen Yi Chang Rong Yan and Jie Yang. 2009. Protecting personal identification in video. Protecting Privacy in Video Surveillance (2009) 115\u2013128.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-301-3_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon Coghlan Tim Miller and Jeannie Paterson. 2021. Good proctor or \u201cbig brother\u201d? Ethics of online exam supervision technologies. Philosophy & Technology 34 4 (2021) 1581\u20131606.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00476-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rianne Conijn Ad Kleingeld Uwe Matzat and Chris Snijders. 2022. The fear of big brother: The potential negative side-effects of proctored exams. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning (2022).","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claire\u00a0Anne Conway Benedict\u00a0Christopher Jones Lisa\u00a0M DeBruine and Anthony\u00a0C Little. 2008. Evidence for adaptive design in human gaze preference. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 1630 (2008) 63\u201369.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Mohammad Dadashzadeh. 2021. The Online Examination Dilemma: To Proctor or Not to Proctor?. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies 25 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Catherine Dwyer Starr Hiltz and Katia Passerini. 2007. Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites: A comparison of Facebook and MySpace. AMCIS 2007 proceedings (2007) 339."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ad\u00e1m Erd\u00e9lyi Thomas Winkler and Bernhard Rinner. 2018. Privacy protection vs. utility in visual data: An objective evaluation framework. Multimedia tools and applications 77 (2018) 2285\u20132312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-4337-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas\u00a0B Fitzpatrick. 1988. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of dermatology 124 6 (1988) 869\u2013871.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.124.6.869"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tina\u00a0L Freiburger Danielle\u00a0M Romain Blake\u00a0M Randol and Catherine\u00a0D Marcum. 2017. Cheating behaviors among undergraduate college students: Results from a factorial survey. Journal of Criminal Justice Education 28 2 (2017) 222\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1080\/10511253.2016.1203010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun Fu Renxiang Li Thomas\u00a0S Huang and Mike Danielsen. 2008. Real-time multimodal human\u2013avatar interaction. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 18 4 (2008) 467\u2013477.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2008.918441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly Grindstaff and Michael Mascarenhas. 2019. \u201cNo One Wants to Believe It\u201d: Manifestations of White Privilege in a STEM-Focused College. Multicultural Perspectives 21 2 (2019) 102\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1080\/15210960.2019.1572487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marc Hassenzahl and Noam Tractinsky. 2006. User experience-a research agenda. Behaviour & information technology 25 2 (2006) 91\u201397.","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290500330331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darragh Higgins Rebecca Fribourg and Rachel McDonnell. 2021. Remotely perceived: Investigating the influence of valence on self-perception and social experience for dyadic video-conferencing with personalized avatars. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2 (2021) 668499.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.668499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven Hill Zhimin Zhou Lawrence\u00a0K Saul and Hovav Shacham. 2016. On the (In) effectiveness of Mosaicing and Blurring as Tools for Document Redaction. Proc. Priv. Enhancing Technol. 2016 4 (2016) 403\u2013417.","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2016-0047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed\u00a0Juned Hussein Javed Yusuf Arpana\u00a0Sandhya Deb Letila Fong and Som Naidu. 2020. An evaluation of online proctoring tools. Open Praxis 12 4 (2020) 509\u2013525.","DOI":"10.5944\/openpraxis.12.4.1113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabitha\u00a0L James Linda Wallace Merrill Warkentin Byung\u00a0Cho Kim and St\u00e9phane\u00a0E Collignon. 2017. Exposing others\u2019 information on online social networks (OSNs): Perceived shared risk its determinants and its influence on OSN privacy control use. Information & Management 54 7 (2017) 851\u2013865.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ana Javornik Ben Marder Jennifer\u00a0Brannon Barhorst Graeme McLean Yvonne Rogers Paul Marshall and Luk Warlop. 2022. \u2018What lies behind the filter?\u2019Uncovering the motivations for using augmented reality (AR) face filters on social media and their effect on well-being. Computers in Human Behavior 128 (2022) 107126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Dima Kagan Galit\u00a0Fuhrmann Alpert and Michael Fire. 2023. Zooming Into Video Conferencing Privacy. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faten\u00a0F Kharbat and Ajayeb\u00a0S Abu\u00a0Daabes. 2021. E-proctored exams during the COVID-19 pandemic: A close understanding. Education and Information Technologies 26 6 (2021) 6589\u20136605.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10458-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeolib Kim and Robert\u00a0A Peterson. 2017. A Meta-analysis of Online Trust Relationships in E-commerce. Journal of interactive marketing 38 1 (2017) 44\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00897"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karen Lander Vicki Bruce and Harry Hill. 2001. Evaluating the effectiveness of pixelation and blurring on masking the identity of familiar faces. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 15 1 (2001) 101\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0720(200101\/02)15:1<101::AID-ACP697>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yifang Li Nishant Vishwamitra Bart\u00a0P Knijnenburg Hongxin Hu and Kelly Caine. 2017. Effectiveness and users\u2019 experience of obfuscation as a privacy-enhancing technology for sharing photos. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1 CSCW (2017) 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1145\/3134702"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrin\u00a0M Liddell and John\u00a0K Kruschke. 2018. Analyzing ordinal data with metric models: What could possibly go wrong? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 79 (2018) 328\u2013348.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Morgan Meaker. 2023. This Student Is Taking On \u2018Biased\u2019 Exam Software. Wired (5 Apr 2023). https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/student-exam-software-bias-proctorio"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suvadeep Mukherjee Bj\u00f6rn Rohles Verena Distler Gabriele Lenzini and Vincent Koenig. 2023. The effects of privacy-non-invasive interventions on cheating prevention and user experience in unproctored online assessments: An empirical study. Computers & Education 207 (2023) 104925.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geoff Norman. 2010. Likert scales levels of measurement and the \u201claws\u201d of statistics. Advances in health sciences education 15 (2010) 625\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraskevi Nousi Sotirios Papadopoulos Anastasios Tefas and Ioannis Pitas. 2020. Deep autoencoders for attribute preserving face de-identification. Signal Processing: Image Communication 81 (2020) 115699.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2019.115699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Eyal Peer David Rothschild Andrew Gordon Zak Evernden and Ekaterina Damer. 2022. Data quality of platforms and panels for online behavioral research. Behavior Research Methods (2022) 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ian\u00a0S Penton-Voak and Helen\u00a0Y Chang. 2008. Attractiveness judgements of individuals vary across emotional expression and movement conditions. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 6 2 (2008) 89\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1556\/JEP.2008.1011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabid Bin\u00a0Habib Pias Imtiaz Ahmad Taslima Akter Apu Kapadia and Adam\u00a0J Lee. 2022. Decaying Photos for Enhanced Privacy: User Perceptions Towards Temporal Redactions and\u2019Trusted\u2019Platforms. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6 CSCW2 (2022) 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/3555538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Tejaswi Potluri and Venkata Krishna\u00a0Kishore K. 2023. An automated online proctoring system using attentive-net to assess student mischievous behavior. Multimedia Tools and Applications (2023) 1\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Siddharth Ravi Pau Climent-P\u00e9rez and Francisco Florez-Revuelta. 2023. A review on visual privacy preservation techniques for active and assisted living. Multimedia Tools and Applications (2023) 1\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Jessica\u00a0L Roberts. 2014. Protecting privacy to prevent discrimination. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 56 (2014) 2097."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00a0Craig Roberts Tamsin\u00a0K Saxton Alice\u00a0K Murray Robert\u00a0P Burriss Hannah\u00a0M Rowland and Anthony\u00a0C Little. 2009. Static and dynamic facial images cue similar attractiveness judgements. Ethology 115 6 (2009) 588\u2013595.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2009.01640.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Somdev Sangwan. 2023. One-click face swap. https:\/\/github.com\/s0md3v\/roop."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simeon Schudy and Verena Utikal. 2017. \u2018You must not know about me\u2019\u2014On the willingness to share personal data. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 141 (2017) 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2793107.2793116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neil Selwyn Chris O\u2019Neill Gavin Smith Mark Andrejevic and Xin Gu. 2023. A necessary evil? The rise of online exam proctoring in Australian universities. Media International Australia 186 1 (2023) 149\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X211005862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruben Tolosana Ruben Vera-Rodriguez Julian Fierrez Aythami Morales and Javier Ortega-Garcia. 2020. Deepfakes and beyond: A survey of face manipulation and fake detection. Information Fusion 64 (2020) 131\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9\u00a0Calero Valdez and Martina Ziefle. 2019. The users\u2019 perspective on the privacy-utility trade-offs in health recommender systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 121 (2019) 108\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sera Whitelaw Mamas\u00a0A Mamas Eric Topol and Harriette\u00a0GC Van\u00a0Spall. 2020. Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health 2 8 (2020) e435\u2013e440.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30142-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Skye Witley. 2023. Virtual Exam Case Primes Privacy Fight on College Room Scans. Bloomberg Law (25 Jan 2023). https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/privacy-and-data-security\/virtual-exam-case-primes-privacy-fight-over-college-room-scans"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rongbin Yang and Santoso Wibowo. 2022. User trust in artificial intelligence: A comprehensive conceptual framework. Electronic Markets 32 4 (2022) 2053\u20132077.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00592-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiyu Yang Dominique Brossard Dietram\u00a0A Scheufele and Michael\u00a0A Xenos. 2022. The science of YouTube: What factors influence user engagement with online science videos? Plos one 17 5 (2022) e0267697.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC55113.2022.9825119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.881449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503161.3548202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan Zhuang. 2018. The performance cost of software obfuscation for Android applications. Computers & Security 73 (2018) 57\u201372.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.10.004"}],"event":{"name":"EuroUSEC 2024: The 2024 European Symposium on Usable Security","location":"Karlstad Sweden","acronym":"EuroUSEC 2024"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2024 European Symposium on Usable Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3688459.3688474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3688459.3688474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:10:29Z","timestamp":1750295429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3688459.3688474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3688459.3688474","10.1145\/3688459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3688459.3688474","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}