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Meanwhile, many transactions exhibit dynamic locality\u2014a workload characteristic with a high degree of locality that changes over time (e.g., due to the mobility of devices). In this article, we propose DyloChain, a hierarchical blockchain supporting dynamic locality by extending the X-O-V architecture across sharding zones. In DyloChain\u2019s hierarchy, higher-level servers (called M-nodes) are responsible for cross-zone communication with a main chain to ensure global consistency and availability, while lower-level servers (called L-nodes) validate local blocks with a local chain. To support dynamic locality, DyloChain suggests an order-execute-order-validate (O-X-O-V) transaction processing model that extends the X-O-V model to accommodate the hierarchical structure. Specifically, the O-X-O-V model optimizes efficiency through speculative local updates on each local chain (O-X) for the early removal of potential conflicts within a zone and enables high parallelism across zones. Subsequently, the model aggregates these local blocks onto the main chain (O-V), ensuring a globally consistent total order across zones. This is facilitated by an extended validation procedure that detects interferences between concurrently dependent transactions across zones. DyloChain resolves interferences using a state synchronization protocol that synchronizes the corresponding main states of the interfered local states into the involved local chains. DyloChain improves locality by employing a state reshard protocol that transfers a user\u2019s state ownership between source and destination local chains by atomically committing user-issued reshard requests to the involved chains. We implement and conduct comprehensive performance evaluations of DyloChain under various configurations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3688811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T12:41:58Z","timestamp":1724330518000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Hierarchical Blockchain Supporting Dynamic Locality by Extending Execute-Order-Validate Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-336X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongrae","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanik","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Implementation of SmallBank in GoLang. 2021. 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