{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:11:17Z","timestamp":1764785477495,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62272412, 62232008 and 62032010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272412, 62232008 and 62032010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020AAA0107705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020AAA0107705"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University \u201cDigital+\u201d Disciplinary Construction Management Project","award":["SZJ2022B015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZJ2022B015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LY22F020007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22F020007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The\n            <jats:italic>fractal property<\/jats:italic>\n            has been regarded as a fundamental property of complex networks, characterizing the\n            <jats:italic>self-similarity<\/jats:italic>\n            of a network. Such a property is usually numerically characterized by the\n            <jats:italic>fractal dimension<\/jats:italic>\n            metric, and it not only helps the understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of complex networks but also finds a wide range of applications in complex systems. The existing literature shows that class-level software networks (i.e., class dependency networks) are complex networks with the fractal property. However, the fractal property at the feature (i.e., methods and fields) level has never been investigated, although it is useful for measuring class complexity and predicting bugs in classes. Furthermore, existing studies on the fractal property of software systems were all performed on un-weighted software networks and have not been used in any practical quality assurance tasks such as bug prediction. Generally, considering the weights on edges can give us more accurate representations of the software structure and thus help us obtain more accurate results. The illustration of an approach\u2019s practical use can promote its adoption in practice. In this article, we examine the\n            <jats:italic>fractal property<\/jats:italic>\n            of classes by proposing a new metric. Specifically, we build a\n            <jats:bold>Feature-Level Software Network (FLSN)<\/jats:bold>\n            for each class to represent the methods\/fields and their couplings (including coupling frequencies) within the class and propose a new metric,\n            <jats:bold>Fractal Dimension for Classes (FDC)<\/jats:bold>\n            , to numerically describe the fractal property of classes using FLSNs, which captures class complexity. We evaluate\n            <jats:italic>FDC<\/jats:italic>\n            theoretically against Weyuker\u2019s nine properties, and the results show that\n            <jats:italic>FDC<\/jats:italic>\n            adheres to eight of the nine properties. Empirical experiments performed on a set of 12 large open source Java systems show that (i) for most classes (larger than\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(96\\%\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            ), there exists the fractal property in their FLSNs, (ii)\n            <jats:italic>FDC<\/jats:italic>\n            is capable of capturing additional aspects of class complexity that have not been addressed by existing complexity metrics, (iii)\n            <jats:italic>FDC<\/jats:italic>\n            significantly correlates with both the existing class-level complexity metrics and the number of bugs in classes, and (iv)\n            <jats:italic>FDC<\/jats:italic>\n            , when used together with existing class-level complexity metrics, can significantly improve bug prediction in classes in three scenarios (i.e.,\n            <jats:italic>bug-count<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>bug-classification<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>effort-aware<\/jats:italic>\n            ) of the\n            <jats:italic>cross-project<\/jats:italic>\n            context, but in the\n            <jats:italic>within-project<\/jats:italic>\n            context, it cannot.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3688844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T15:45:14Z","timestamp":1723823114000},"page":"1-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toward the Fractal Dimension of Classes"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6355-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weifeng","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China and Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2220-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5379-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7133-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Kyoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5437-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China and Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, XiXi\u2019an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2003.822533","article-title":"Power quality disturbance classification using the inductive inference approach","volume":"19","author":"Abdel-Galil T. K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"T. K. Abdel-Galil, M. Kamel, A. M. Youssef, E. F. El-Saadany, and M. M. A. Salama. 2004. Power quality disturbance classification using the inductive inference approach. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 19, 4 (2004), 1812\u20131818.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Quality","author":"Abreu F. Brito","year":"1995","unstructured":"F. Brito Abreu, Miguel Goul\u00e3o, and Rita Esteves. 1995. Toward the design quality evaluation of object-oriented software systems. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Quality, 44\u201357."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"8:1","article-title":"A precise method-method interaction-based cohesion metric for object-oriented classes","volume":"21","author":"Dallal Jehad Al","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jehad Al Dallal and Lionel C. Briand. 2012. A precise method-method interaction-based cohesion metric for object-oriented classes. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 21, 2 (2012), 8:1\u20138:34.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Maur\u00edcio Aniche. 2015. Java Code Metrics Calculator (CK). Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/mauricioaniche\/ck\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.05.043","article-title":"A feature dependent Naive Bayes approach and its application to the software defect prediction problem","volume":"59","author":"Arar \u00d6mer Faruk","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00d6mer Faruk Arar and K\u00fcrsat Ayan. 2017. A feature dependent Naive Bayes approach and its application to the software defect prediction problem. Appl. Soft Comput. 59 (2017), 197\u2013209.","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.06.055","article-title":"A systematic and comprehensive investigation of methods to build and evaluate fault prediction models","volume":"83","author":"Arisholm Erik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erik Arisholm, Lionel C. Briand, and Eivind B. Johannessen. 2010. A systematic and comprehensive investigation of methods to build and evaluate fault prediction models. J. Syst. Softw. 83, 1 (2010), 2\u201317.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"Modern Information Retrieval","author":"Baeza-Yates Ricardo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Berthier Ribeiro-Neto. 1999. Modern Information Retrieval. ACM."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.5.412","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of prediction algorithms for classification: An overview","volume":"16","author":"Baldi Pierre","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pierre Baldi, S\u00f8ren Brunak, Yves Chauvin, Claus A. F. Andersen, and Henrik Nielsen. 2000. Assessing the accuracy of prediction algorithms for classification: An overview. Bioinformatics 16, 5 (2000), 412\u2013424.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/163359.163375","article-title":"Software complexity and maintenance costs","volume":"36","author":"Banker Rajiv D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rajiv D. Banker, Srikant M. Datar, Chris F. Kemerer, and Dani Zweig. 1993. Software complexity and maintenance costs. Commun. ACM 36, 11 (1993), 81\u201394.","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/32.979986","article-title":"A hierarchical model for object-oriented design quality assessment","volume":"28","author":"Bansiya Jagdish","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jagdish Bansiya and Carl G. Davis. 2002. A hierarchical model for object-oriented design quality assessment. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 28, 1 (2002), 4\u201317.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"5939","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173299","article-title":"Scale-free networks: A decade and beyond","volume":"325","author":"Barab\u00e1si Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3","year":"2009","unstructured":"Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si. 2009. Scale-free networks: A decade and beyond. Science 325, 5939 (2009), 412\u2013413.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6156","article-title":"The TAME project: Towards improvement-oriented software environments","volume":"14","author":"Basili Victor R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Victor R. Basili and H. Dieter Rombach. 1988. The TAME project: Towards improvement-oriented software environments. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 14, 6 (1988), 758\u2013773.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC\u201910)","author":"Bettenburg Nicolas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nicolas Bettenburg and Ahmed E. Hassan. 2010. Studying the impact of social structures on software quality. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC\u201910). IEEE, 124\u2013133."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/32.748920","article-title":"A unified framework for coupling measurement in object-oriented systems","volume":"25","author":"Briand Lionel C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lionel C. Briand, John W. Daly, and J\u00fcrgen W\u00fcst. 1999. A unified framework for coupling measurement in object-oriented systems. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 25, 1 (1999), 91\u2013121.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/32.965338","article-title":"Modeling development effort in object-oriented systems using design properties","volume":"27","author":"Briand Lionel C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lionel C. Briand and J\u00fcrgen W\u00fcst. 2001. Modeling development effort in object-oriented systems using design properties. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 27, 11 (2001), 963\u2013986.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(99)00102-8","article-title":"Exploring the relationships between design measures and software quality in object-oriented systems","volume":"51","author":"Briand Lionel C.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lionel C. Briand, J\u00fcrgen W\u00fcst, John W. Daly, and D. Victor Porter. 2000. Exploring the relationships between design measures and software quality in object-oriented systems. J. Syst. Softw. 51, 3 (2000), 245\u2013273.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1950)078<0001:VOFEIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability","volume":"78","author":"Brier Glenn W.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Glenn W. Brier. 1950. Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability. Mon. Wea. Rev. 78, 1 (1950), 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2009.70","article-title":"Learning a metric for code readability","volume":"36","author":"Buse Raymond P. L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raymond P. L. Buse and Westley Weimer. 2010. Learning a metric for code readability. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 36, 4 (2010), 546\u2013558.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Economics-Driven Software Architecture","author":"Cai Yuanfang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuanfang Cai, Rick Kazman, Carlos V. A. Silva, Lu Xiao, and Hong-Mei Chen. 2013. A decision-support system approach to economics-driven modularity evaluation. In Economics-Driven Software Architecture. Morgan Kaufmann, 105\u2013128."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1109\/32.689404","article-title":"An evaluation of the MOOD set of object-oriented software metrics","volume":"24","author":"Carver Richard H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richard H. Carver, Steve Counsell, and Reuben V. Nithi. 1998. An evaluation of the MOOD set of object-oriented software metrics. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 24, 6 (1998), 491\u2013496.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-1247-2014","article-title":"Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)? Arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature","volume":"7","author":"Chai Tianfeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tianfeng Chai and Roland R. Draxler. 2014. Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)? Arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature. Geosci. Model Dev. 7, 3 (2014), 1247\u20131250.","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/32.87287","article-title":"On Weyuker\u2019s axioms for software complexity measures","volume":"17","author":"Cherniavsky John C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"John C. Cherniavsky and Carl H. Smith. 1991. On Weyuker\u2019s axioms for software complexity measures. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 17, 6 (1991), 636\u2013638.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1109\/32.295895","article-title":"A metrics suite for object oriented design","volume":"20","author":"Chidamber Shyam R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shyam R. Chidamber and Chris F. Kemerer. 1994. A metrics suite for object oriented design. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 20, 6 (1994), 476\u2013493.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/32.177364","article-title":"Orthogonal defect classification - A concept for in-process measurements","volume":"18","author":"Chillarege Ram","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ram Chillarege, Inderpal S. Bhandari, Jarir K. Chaar, Michael J. Halliday, Diane S. Moebus, Bonnie K. Ray, and Man-Yuen Wong. 1992. Orthogonal defect classification - A concept for in-process measurements. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 18, 11 (1992), 943\u2013956.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.08.017","article-title":"Automatic clustering constraints derivation from object-oriented software using weighted complex network with graph theory analysis","volume":"133","author":"Chong Chun Yong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chun Yong Chong and Sai Peck Lee. 2017. Automatic clustering constraints derivation from object-oriented software using weighted complex network with graph theory analysis. J. Syst. Softw. 133 (2017), 28\u201353.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2006-10384-1","article-title":"Fractal dimension in software networks","volume":"76","author":"Concas G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"G. Concas, M. F. Locci, M. Marchesi, S. Pinna, and I. Turnu. 2006. Fractal dimension in software networks. Europhys. Lett. 76, 6 (2006), 1221\u20131227.","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.1019","article-title":"Power-laws in a large object-oriented software system","volume":"33","author":"Concas Giulio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giulio Concas, Michele Marchesi, Sandro Pinna, and Nicola Serra. 2007. Power-laws in a large object-oriented software system. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 33, 10 (2007), 687\u2013708.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"460","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM\u201909)","author":"Cruz Ana Erika Camargo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ana Erika Camargo Cruz and Koichiro Ochimizu. 2009. Towards logistic regression models for predicting fault-prone code across software projects. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM\u201909). IEEE, 460\u2013463."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Workshop on Visualizing Software for Understanding and Analysis (VISSOFT\u201905)","author":"D\u2019Ambros Marco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marco D\u2019Ambros, Michele Lanza, and Harald Gall. 2005. Fractal figures: Visualizing development effort for CVS entities. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Workshop on Visualizing Software for Understanding and Analysis (VISSOFT\u201905). IEEE, 1\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.68.017102","article-title":"Signatures of small-world and scale-free properties in large computer programs","volume":"68","author":"Moura Alessandro P. S. de","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alessandro P. S. de Moura, Ying-Cheng Lai, and Adilson E. Motter. 2003. Signatures of small-world and scale-free properties in large computer programs. Phys. Rev. E 68, 1 (2003), 017102..","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ECOOP\u201995 Workshop on Metrics","volume":"95","author":"Abreu F. Brito e","year":"1995","unstructured":"F. Brito e Abreu. 1995. The MOOD metrics set. In Proceedings of the ECOOP\u201995 Workshop on Metrics, Vol. 95, 267."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Bootstrap","author":"Efron Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley Efron and Robert J. Tibshirani. 1994. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. CRC Press, Inc."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2011.06.001","article-title":"Empirical comparison of three metrics suites for fault prediction in packages of object-oriented systems: A case study of Eclipse","volume":"42","author":"Elish Mahmoud O.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahmoud O. Elish, Ali H. Al-Yafei, and Muhammed Al-Mulhem. 2011. Empirical comparison of three metrics suites for fault prediction in packages of object-oriented systems: A case study of Eclipse. Adv. Eng. Softw. 42, 10 (2011), 852\u2013859.","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802301-3.00008-9","volume-title":"Software Quality Assurance","author":"English Michael","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michael English, Jim Buckley, and J. J. Collins. 2016. Chapter 8 - Investigating software modularity using class and module level metrics. In Software Quality Assurance. Morgan Kaufmann, 177\u2013200."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b17461","volume-title":"Software Metrics: A Rigorous and Practical Approach, Third Edition","author":"Fenton Norman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Norman Fenton and James Bieman. 2014. Software Metrics: A Rigorous and Practical Approach, Third Edition (3rd ed.). CRC Press, Inc., USA.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Software complexity: Measures and methods, by Horst Zuse, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1990 (Book Review)","volume":"1","author":"Fenton Norman E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Norman E. Fenton. 1991. Software complexity: Measures and methods, by Horst Zuse, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1990 (Book Review). Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab. 1, 3 (1991), 41\u201342.","journal-title":"Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.12.010","article-title":"Advanced nonparametric tests for multiple comparisons in the design of experiments in computational intelligence and data mining: Experimental analysis of power","volume":"180","author":"Garc\u00eda Salvador","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salvador Garc\u00eda, Alberto Fern\u00e1ndez, Juli\u00e1n Luengo, and Francisco Herrera. 2010. Advanced nonparametric tests for multiple comparisons in the design of experiments in computational intelligence and data mining: Experimental analysis of power. Inf. Sci. 180, 10 (2010), 2044\u20132064.","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"2677","article-title":"An extension on \u201cstatistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets\u201d for all pairwise comparisons","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda Salvador","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salvador Garc\u00eda and Francisco Herrera. 2008. An extension on \u201cstatistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets\u201d for all pairwise comparisons. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9 (2008), 2677\u20132694.","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"789","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201915)","author":"Ghotra Baljinder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baljinder Ghotra, Shane McIntosh, and Ahmed E. Hassan. 2015. Revisiting the impact of classification techniques on the performance of defect prediction models. In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201915). IEEE, 789\u2013800."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA\u201907)","author":"Greenfield Daniel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daniel Greenfield and Simon W. Moore. 2008. Fractal communication in software data dependency graphs. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA\u201907), 116\u2013118."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/32.917526","article-title":"On the applicability of Weyuker property 9 to object-oriented structural inheritance complexity metrics","volume":"27","author":"Gursaran","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gursaran and Gurdev Roy. 2001. On the applicability of Weyuker property 9 to object-oriented structural inheritance complexity metrics. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 27, 4 (2001), 381\u2013384.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"Elements of Software Science (Operating and Programming Systems Series)","author":"Halstead Maurice H.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Maurice H. Halstead. 1977. Elements of Software Science (Operating and Programming Systems Series). Elsevier Science Inc."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747","article-title":"The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve","volume":"143","author":"Hanley James A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"James A. Hanley and Barbara J. McNeil. 1982. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 143, 1 (1982), 29\u201336.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1","volume-title":"Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis","author":"Harrell Frank E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frank E. Harrell. 2001. Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis. Springer."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1981.231113","article-title":"Software structure metrics based on information flow","volume":"7","author":"Henry Sallie M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sallie M. Henry and Dennis G. Kafura. 1981. Software structure metrics based on information flow. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 7, 5 (1981), 510\u2013518.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/1010627.807911","article-title":"On the relationships among three software metrics","volume":"10","author":"Henry Sallie M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sallie M. Henry, Dennis G. Kafura, and Kathy Harris. 1981. On the relationships among three software metrics. SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev. 10, 1 (1981), 81\u201388.","journal-title":"SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2724538","article-title":"A comparative study to benchmark cross-project defect prediction approaches","volume":"44","author":"Herbold Steffen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steffen Herbold, Alexander Trautsch, and Jens Grabowski. 2018. A comparative study to benchmark cross-project defect prediction approaches. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 44, 9 (2018), 811\u2013833.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"968","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201911)","author":"Hindle Abram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abram Hindle, Michael W. Godfrey, and Richard C. Holt. 2011. Multifractal aspects of software development: NIER track. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201911). IEEE, 968\u2013971."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","volume-title":"A New View of Statistics","author":"Hopkins Will G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Will G. Hopkins. 1997. A New View of Statistics. Will G. Hopkins."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2770124","article-title":"A systematic literature review and meta-analysis on cross project defect prediction","volume":"45","author":"Hosseini Seyedrebvar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seyedrebvar Hosseini, Burak Turhan, and Dimuthu Gunarathna. 2019. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis on cross project defect prediction. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 45, 2 (2019), 111\u2013147.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1191797","article-title":"Measuring the maintainability of a communication protocol based on its formal specification","volume":"29","author":"Huang Sun-Jen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sun-Jen Huang and R. Lai. 2003. Measuring the maintainability of a communication protocol based on its formal specification. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 29, 4 (2003), 327\u2013344.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.05.014","article-title":"The fractal dimension of software networks as a global quality metric","volume":"245","author":"Turnu I.","year":"2013","unstructured":"I. Turnu, G. Concas, M. Marchesi, and R. Tonelli. 2013. The fractal dimension of software networks as a global quality metric. Inf. Sci. 245 (2013), 290\u2013303.","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.110976","article-title":"An empirical study on the co-occurrence between refactoring actions and self-admitted technical debt removal","volume":"178","author":"Iammarino Martina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martina Iammarino, Fiorella Zampetti, Lerina Aversano, and Massimiliano Di Penta. 2021. An empirical study on the co-occurrence between refactoring actions and self-admitted technical debt removal. J. Syst. Softw. 178 (2021), 110976.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-013-9291-7","article-title":"Empirical evidence on the link between object-oriented measures and external quality attributes: A systematic literature review","volume":"20","author":"Jabangwe Ronald","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ronald Jabangwe, J\u00fcrgen B\u00f6rstler, Darja Smite, and Claes Wohlin. 2015. Empirical evidence on the link between object-oriented measures and external quality attributes: A systematic literature review. Empir. Softw. Eng. 20, 3 (2015), 640\u2013693.","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2007.01.021","article-title":"Software architecture graphs as complex networks: A novel partitioning scheme to measure stability and evolution","volume":"177","author":"Jenkins Samantha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samantha Jenkins and Steven R. Kirk. 2007. Software architecture graphs as complex networks: A novel partitioning scheme to measure stability and evolution. Inf. Sci. 177, 12 (2007), 2587\u20132601.","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME\u201918)","author":"Jiarpakdee Jirayus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jirayus Jiarpakdee, Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn, and Christoph Treude. 2018. Autospearman: Automatically mitigating correlated software metrics for interpreting defect models. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME\u201918). IEEE, 92\u2013103."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.256943","article-title":"A systematic review of software development cost estimation studies","volume":"33","author":"J\u00f8rgensen Magne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magne J\u00f8rgensen and Martin J. Shepperd. 2007. A systematic review of software development cost estimation studies. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 33, 1 (2007), 33\u201353.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","first-page":"12:1","article-title":"A defect estimator for source code: Linking defect reports with programming constructs usage metrics","volume":"29","author":"Kapur Ritu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ritu Kapur and Balwinder Sodhi. 2020. A defect estimator for source code: Linking defect reports with programming constructs usage metrics. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 29, 2 (2020), 12:1\u201312:35.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"33:1","article-title":"OSS effort estimation using software features similarity and developer activity-based metrics","volume":"31","author":"Kapur Ritu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ritu Kapur and Balwinder Sodhi. 2022. OSS effort estimation using software features similarity and developer activity-based metrics. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 31, 2 (2022), 33:1\u201333:35.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01720923","article-title":"Comparative aspects of software complexity metrics and program modules\u2014a multidimensional scaling approach","volume":"1","author":"Khoshgoftaar Taghi M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar, John C. Munson, and S. Ravichandran. 1992. Comparative aspects of software complexity metrics and program modules\u2014a multidimensional scaling approach. Softw. Qual. J. 1, 3 (1992), 159\u2013173.","journal-title":"Softw. Qual. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-018-9620-y","article-title":"Software engineering in start-up companies: An analysis of 88 experience reports","volume":"24","author":"Klotins Eriks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eriks Klotins, Michael Unterkalmsteiner, and Tony Gorschek. 2019. Software engineering in start-up companies: An analysis of 88 experience reports. Empir. Softw. Eng. 24, 1 (2019), 68\u2013102.","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2012.03.009","article-title":"AUSTIN: An open source tool for search based software testing of C programs","volume":"55","author":"Lakhotia Kiran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kiran Lakhotia, Mark Harman, and Hamilton Gross. 2013. AUSTIN: An open source tool for search based software testing of C programs. Inf. Softw. Technol. 55, 1 (2013), 112\u2013125.","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2307\/259060","article-title":"Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs","volume":"23","author":"Law Kenneth S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kenneth S. Law, Chi-Sum Wong, and William H. Mobley. 1998. Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs. Acad. Manag. Rev. 23, 4 (1998), 741\u2013755.","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(93)90077-B","article-title":"Object-oriented metrics that predict maintainability","volume":"23","author":"Li Wei","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wei Li and Sallie M. Henry. 1993. Object-oriented metrics that predict maintainability. J. Syst. Softw. 23, 2 (1993), 111\u2013122.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC\u201906)","author":"Liu Jing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jing Liu, Keqing He, Yutao Ma, and Rong Peng. 2006. Scale free in software metrics. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC\u201906). IEEE, 229\u2013235."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127408020537","article-title":"Characterizing the structural quality of general complex software networks","volume":"18","author":"Liu Jing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jing Liu, Jinhu Lu, Keqing He, Bing Li, and Chi Kong Tse. 2008. Characterizing the structural quality of general complex software networks. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 18, 2 (2008), 605\u2013613.","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201909)","author":"Liu Yixun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yixun Liu, Denys Poshyvanyk, Rudolf Ferenc, Tibor Gyim\u00f3thy, and Nikos Chrisochoides. 2009. Modeling class cohesion as mixtures of latent topics. In Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201909). IEEE Computer Society, 233\u2013242."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"088901","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/26\/8\/088901","article-title":"The fractal dimensions of complex networks","volume":"26","author":"Long GUO","year":"2009","unstructured":"GUO Long and XU Cai. 2009. The fractal dimensions of complex networks. Chinese Phys. Lett. 26, 8 (2009), 088901.","journal-title":"Chinese Phys. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"Object-Oriented Software Metrics: A Practical Guide","author":"Lorenz Mark","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mark Lorenz and Jeff Kidd. 1994. Object-Oriented Software Metrics: A Practical Guide. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.09.001","article-title":"Empirical analysis of network measures for effort-aware fault-proneness prediction","volume":"69","author":"Ma Wanwangying","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wanwangying Ma, Lin Chen, Yibiao Yang, Yuming Zhou, and Baowen Xu. 2016. Empirical analysis of network measures for effort-aware fault-proneness prediction. Inf. Softw. Technol. 69 (2016), 50\u201370.","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC\u201905)","author":"Ma Yutao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yutao Ma, Keqing He, and Dehui Du. 2005. A qualitative method for measuring the structural complexity of software systems based on complex networks. In Proceedings of the 12th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC\u201905). IEEE, 257\u2013263."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-010-9398-x","article-title":"A hybrid set of complexity metrics for large-scale object-oriented software systems","volume":"25","author":"Ma Yutao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yutao Ma, Keqing He, Bing Li, Jing Liu, and Xiaoyan Zhou. 2010. A hybrid set of complexity metrics for large-scale object-oriented software systems. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 25, 6 (2010), 1184\u20131201.","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"1310","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI\u201916)","author":"Ma Zhiyi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhiyi Ma. 2016. Analyzing large-scale OO software by joining fractal and entropy measures. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI\u201916). ACM, 1310\u20131314."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2010.60","article-title":"An attack surface metric","volume":"37","author":"Manadhata Pratyusa K.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pratyusa K. Manadhata and Jeannette M. Wing. 2011. An attack surface metric. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 37, 3 (2011), 371\u2013386.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","volume-title":"The Fractal Geometry of Nature","author":"Mandelbrot Benoit B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Benoit B. Mandelbrot. 1982. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. WH Freeman, New York."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.70768","article-title":"Using the conceptual cohesion of classes for fault prediction in object-oriented systems","volume":"34","author":"Marcus Andrian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrian Marcus, Denys Poshyvanyk, and Rudolf Ferenc. 2008. Using the conceptual cohesion of classes for fault prediction in object-oriented systems. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 34, 2 (2008), 287\u2013300.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1976.233837","article-title":"A complexity measure","volume":"2","author":"McCabe Thomas J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Thomas J. McCabe. 1976. A complexity measure. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 2, 4 (1976), 308\u2013320.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201978)","author":"McClure Carma L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Carma L. McClure. 1978. A model for program complexity analysis. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201978), Maurice V. Wilkes, Laszlo A. Belady, Y. H. Su, Harry Hayman, and Philip H. Enslow Jr. (Eds.), IEEE, 149\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219174","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3041181","article-title":"Vulnerable code detection using software metrics and machine learning","volume":"8","author":"Medeiros Nadia Patricia Da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadia Patricia Da Silva Medeiros, Naghmeh Ramezani Ivaki, Pedro Costa, and Marco Vieira. 2020. Vulnerable code detection using software metrics and machine learning. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 219174\u2013219198.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2961","article-title":"Reusability affecting factors and software metrics for reusability: A systematic literature review","volume":"51","author":"Mehboob Bilal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilal Mehboob, Chun Yong Chong, Sai Peck Lee, and Joanne Mun-Yee Lim. 2021. Reusability affecting factors and software metrics for reusability: A systematic literature review. Softw. Pract. Exp. 51, 6 (2021), 1416\u20131458.","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","volume-title":"Statistics: Concepts and Controversies","author":"Moore David S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"David S. Moore, William I. Notz, and William Notz. 2006. Statistics: Concepts and Controversies. Macmillan."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Static Analysis (SAS\u201907)","author":"Mycroft Alan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alan Mycroft. 2007. Programming language design and analysis motivated by hardware evolution. In Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Static Analysis (SAS\u201907). Springer, 18\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE\u201910)","author":"Nagappan Nachiappan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nachiappan Nagappan, Andreas Zeller, Thomas Zimmermann, Kim Herzig, and Brendan Murphy. 2010. Change bursts as defect predictors. In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE\u201910). IEEE, 309\u2013318."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3228334","article-title":"Instance space analysis of search-based software testing","volume":"49","author":"Neelofar Neelofar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neelofar Neelofar, Kate Smith-Miles, Mario Andr\u00e9s Mu\u00f1oz, and Aldeida Aleti. 2023. Instance space analysis of search-based software testing. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 49, 4 (2023), 2642\u20132660.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201910)","author":"Nguyen Thanh H. D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thanh H. D. Nguyen, Bram Adams, and Ahmed E. Hassan. 2010. Studying the impact of dependency network measures on software quality. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201910). Radu Marinescu, Michele Lanza, and Andrian Marcus (Eds.), IEEE, 1\u201310."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2023.3237460","article-title":"Assessing TD macro-management: A nested modeling statistical approach","volume":"49","author":"Nikolaidis Nikolaos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Nikolaos Mittas, Apostolos Ampatzoglou, Elvira-Maria Arvanitou, and Alexander Chatzigeorgiou. 2023. Assessing TD macro-management: A nested modeling statistical approach. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 49, 4 (2023), 2996\u20133007.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.1015","article-title":"Empirical validation of three software metrics suites to predict fault-proneness of object-oriented classes developed using highly iterative or agile software development processes","volume":"33","author":"Olague Hector M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hector M. Olague, Letha H. Etzkorn, Sampson Gholston, and Stephen Quattlebaum. 2007. Empirical validation of three software metrics suites to predict fault-proneness of object-oriented classes developed using highly iterative or agile software development processes. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 33, 6 (2007), 402\u2013419.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2770122","article-title":"Toward a smell-aware bug prediction model","volume":"45","author":"Palomba Fabio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fabio Palomba, Marco Zanoni, Francesca Arcelli Fontana, Andrea De Lucia, and Rocco Oliveto. 2019. Toward a smell-aware bug prediction model. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 45, 2 (2019), 194\u2013218.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.09.039","article-title":"Analyzing the structure of Java software systems by weighted k-core decomposition","volume":"83","author":"Pan Weifeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weifeng Pan, Bing Li, Jing Liu, Yutao Ma, and Bo Hu. 2018. Analyzing the structure of Java software systems by weighted k-core decomposition. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 83 (2018), 431\u2013444.","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1007\/s11424-011-0319-z","article-title":"Multi-granularity evolution analysis of software using complex network theory","volume":"24","author":"Pan Weifeng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weifeng Pan, Bing Li, Yutao Ma, and Jing Liu. 2011. Multi-granularity evolution analysis of software using complex network theory. J. Syst. Sci. Complex. 24, 6 (2011), 1068\u20131082.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Sci. Complex."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-010-9399-9","article-title":"Measuring structural quality of object-oriented softwares via bug propagation analysis on weighted software networks","volume":"25","author":"Pan Weifeng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weifeng Pan, Bing Li, Yutao Ma, Yeyi Qin, and Xiao-Yan Zhou. 2010. Measuring structural quality of object-oriented softwares via bug propagation analysis on weighted software networks. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 25, 6 (2010), 1202\u20131213.","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2946357","article-title":"ElementRank: Ranking Java software classes and packages using a multilayer complex network-based approach","volume":"47","author":"Pan Weifeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weifeng Pan, Hua Ming, Carl K. Chang, Zijiang Yang, and Dae-Kyoo Kim. 2021. ElementRank: Ranking Java software classes and packages using a multilayer complex network-based approach. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 47, 10 (2021), 2272\u20132295.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","first-page":"1118","article-title":"PRIDE: Prioritizing documentation effort based on a PageRank-like algorithm and simple filtering rules","volume":"49","author":"Pan Weifeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weifeng Pan, Hua Ming, Dae-Kyoo Kim, and Zijiang Yang. 2022a. PRIDE: Prioritizing documentation effort based on a PageRank-like algorithm and simple filtering rules. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 49, 3 (2022), 1118\u20131151.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","first-page":"5176","article-title":"Comments on \u201cUsing k-core decomposition on class dependency networks to improve bug prediction model\u2019s practical performance\u201d","volume":"48","author":"Pan Weifeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weifeng Pan, Hua Ming, Zijiang Yang, and Tian Wang. 2022b. Comments on \u201cUsing k-core decomposition on class dependency networks to improve bug prediction model\u2019s practical performance\u201d. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 48, 12 (2022), 5176\u20135187.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720","article-title":"LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space","volume":"2","author":"Pearson Karl","year":"1901","unstructured":"Karl Pearson. 1901. LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag. J. Sci. 2, 11 (1901), 559\u2013572.","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag. J. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/1060710.1060716","article-title":"Scale-free geometry in OO programs","volume":"48","author":"Potanin Alex","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alex Potanin, James Noble, Marcus R. Frean, and Robert Biddle. 2005. Scale-free geometry in OO programs. Commun. ACM 48, 5 (2005), 99\u2013103.","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.06.015","article-title":"Exploring community structure of software call graph and its applications in class cohesion measurement","volume":"108","author":"Qu Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu Qu, Xiaohong Guan, Qinghua Zheng, Ting Liu, Lidan Wang, Yuqiao Hou, and Zijiang Yang. 2015. Exploring community structure of software call graph and its applications in class cohesion measurement. J. Syst. Softw. 108 (2015), 193\u2013210.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2892959","article-title":"Using k-core decomposition on class dependency networks to improve bug prediction model\u2019s practical performance","volume":"47","author":"Qu Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Qu, Qinghua Zheng, Jianlei Chi, Yangxu Jin, Ancheng He, Di Cui, Hengshan Zhang, and Ting Liu. 2021. Using k-core decomposition on class dependency networks to improve bug prediction model\u2019s practical performance. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 47, 2 (2021), 348\u2013366.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.02.009","article-title":"Software fault prediction metrics: A systematic literature review","volume":"55","author":"Radjenovic Danijel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Danijel Radjenovic, Marjan Hericko, Richard Torkar, and Ales Zivkovic. 2013. Software fault prediction metrics: A systematic literature review. Inf. Softw. Technol. 55, 8 (2013), 1397\u20131418.","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2011.39","article-title":"Defining and evaluating a measure of open source project survivability","volume":"38","author":"Raja Uzma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uzma Raja and Marietta J. Tretter. 2012. Defining and evaluating a measure of open source project survivability. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 38, 1 (2012), 163\u2013174.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.11.009","article-title":"Use of Brier score to assess binary predictions","volume":"63","author":"Rufibach Kaspar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaspar Rufibach. 2010. Use of Brier score to assess binary predictions. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 63, 8 (2010), 938\u2013939.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2901468","article-title":"Automatically assessing code understandability","volume":"47","author":"Scalabrino Simone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simone Scalabrino, Gabriele Bavota, Christopher Vendome, Mario Linares-V\u00e1squez, Denys Poshyvanyk, and Rocco Oliveto. 2021. Automatically assessing code understandability. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 47, 3 (2021), 595\u2013613.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/2.982919","article-title":"Body of knowledge for software quality measurement","volume":"35","author":"Schneidewind Norman F.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Norman F. Schneidewind. 2002. Body of knowledge for software quality measurement. Computer 35, 2 (2002), 77\u201383.","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-016-9425-9","article-title":"Metric-based software reliability prediction approach and its application","volume":"22","author":"Shi Ying","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ying Shi, Ming Li, Steven Arndt, and Carol S. Smidts. 2017. Metric-based software reliability prediction approach and its application. Empir. Softw. Eng. 22, 4 (2017), 1579\u20131633.","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2010.81","article-title":"Evaluating complexity, code churn, and developer activity metrics as indicators of software vulnerabilities","volume":"37","author":"Shin Yonghee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yonghee Shin, Andrew Meneely, Laurie A. Williams, and Jason A. Osborne. 2011. Evaluating complexity, code churn, and developer activity metrics as indicators of software vulnerabilities. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 37, 6 (2011), 772\u2013787.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"7024","key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03248","article-title":"Self-similarity of complex networks","volume":"433","author":"Song Chaoming","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chaoming Song, Shlomo Havlin, and Hernan A. Makse. 2005. Self-similarity of complex networks. Nature 433, 7024 (2005), 392\u2013395.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2010.90","article-title":"A general software defect-proneness prediction framework","volume":"37","author":"Song Qinbao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qinbao Song, Zihan Jia, Martin Shepperd, Shi Ying, and Jin Liu. 2010. A general software defect-proneness prediction framework. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 37, 3 (2010), 356\u2013370.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2019.106176","article-title":"Finding key classes in object-oriented software systems by techniques based on static analysis","volume":"116","author":"Sora Ioana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ioana Sora and Ciprian-Bogdan Chirila. 2019. Finding key classes in object-oriented software systems by techniques based on static analysis. Inf. Softw. Technol. 116 (2019), 106176.","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2697","article-title":"An exploratory study on cooccurrence of design patterns and bad smells using software metrics","volume":"49","author":"Sousa Bruno L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bruno L. Sousa, Mariza A. S. Bigonha, and Kecia A. M. Ferreira. 2019. An exploratory study on cooccurrence of design patterns and bad smells using software metrics. Softw. Pract. Exp. 49, 7 (2019), 1079\u20131113.","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159","article-title":"The proof and measurement of association between two things","volume":"15","author":"Spearman C.","year":"1904","unstructured":"C. Spearman. 1904. The proof and measurement of association between two things. Am. J. Psychol. 15, 1 (1904), 72\u2013101.","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1191795","article-title":"Empirical analysis of CK metrics for object-oriented design complexity: Implications for software defects","volume":"29","author":"Subramanyam Ramanath","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ramanath Subramanyam and Mayuram S. Krishnan. 2003. Empirical analysis of CK metrics for object-oriented design complexity: Implications for software defects. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 29, 4 (2003), 297\u2013310.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"6543","key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","first-page":"698","article-title":"The evolution of ecological networks","volume":"372","author":"Sugden Andrew M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrew M. Sugden. 2021. The evolution of ecological networks. Science 372, 6543 (2021), 698\u2013700.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2303","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.2303","article-title":"Using software metrics for predicting vulnerable classes and methods in Java projects: A machine learning approach","volume":"33","author":"Sultana Kazi Zakia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kazi Zakia Sultana, Vaibhav K. Anu, and Tai-Yin Chong. 2021. Using software metrics for predicting vulnerable classes and methods in Java projects: A machine learning approach. J. Softw. Evol. Process. 33, 3 (2021), e2303.","journal-title":"J. Softw. Evol. Process."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201984)","author":"Tai Kuo-Chung","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kuo-Chung Tai. 1984. A program complexity metric based on data flow information in control graphs. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201984). Terry A. Straeter, William E. Howden, and Jean-Claude Rault (Eds.), IEEE Computer Society, 239\u2013249."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","first-page":"867","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion (ICSE-C\u201916)","author":"Tantithamthavorn Chakkrit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn. 2016. Towards a better understanding of the impact of experimental components on defect prediction modelling. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion (ICSE-C\u201916), 867\u2013870."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","first-page":"812","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201915)","author":"Tantithamthavorn Chakkrit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn, Shane McIntosh, Ahmed E. Hassan, Akinori Ihara, and Kenichi Matsumoto. 2015. The impact of mislabelling on the performance and interpretation of defect prediction models. In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201915). IEEE, 812\u2013823."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2016.2584050","article-title":"An empirical comparison of model validation techniques for defect prediction models","volume":"43","author":"Tantithamthavorn Chakkrit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn, Shane McIntosh, Ahmed E Hassan, and Kenichi Matsumoto. 2016. An empirical comparison of model validation techniques for defect prediction models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 43, 1 (2016), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1145\/2597008.2597157","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC\u201914)","author":"Thung Ferdian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Mohd Hafeez Osman, and Michel R. V. Chaudron. 2014. Condensing class diagrams by analyzing design and network metrics using optimistic classification. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC\u201914). ACM, 110\u2013121."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","first-page":"625","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA\u201916)","author":"T\u00f3th Zolt\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zolt\u00e1n T\u00f3th, P\u00e9ter Gyimesi, and Rudolf Ferenc. 2016. A public bug database of GitHub projects and its application in bug prediction. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA\u201916). Springer, 625\u2013638."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1145\/1985374.1985391","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Metrics (WETSoM\u201911)","author":"Turnu Ivana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ivana Turnu, Giulio Concas, Michele Marchesi, and Roberto Tonelli. 2011. The fractal dimension metric and its use to assess object-oriented software quality. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Metrics (WETSoM\u201911). ACM, 69\u201374."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2020.3047396","article-title":"Software defect prediction based on gated hierarchical LSTMs","volume":"70","author":"Wang Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao Wang, Weiyuan Zhuang, and Xiaofang Zhang. 2021. Software defect prediction based on gated hierarchical LSTMs. IEEE Trans. Rel. 70, 2 (2021), 711\u2013727.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rel."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2877612","article-title":"Deep semantic feature learning for software defect prediction","volume":"46","author":"Wang Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Wang, Taiyue Liu, Jaechang Nam, and Lin Tan. 2020. Deep semantic feature learning for software defect prediction. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 46, 12 (2020), 1267\u20131293.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201916)ACM","author":"Wang Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song Wang, Taiyue Liu, and Lin Tan. 2016. Automatically learning semantic features for defect prediction. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201916). Laura K. Dillon, Willem Visser, and Laurie A. Williams (Eds.), ACM, 297\u2013308."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Box-covering algorithm for fractal dimension of weighted networks","volume":"3","author":"Wei Dai-Jun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dai-Jun Wei, Qi Liu, Hai-Xin Zhang, Yong Hu, Yong Deng, and Sankaran Mahadevan. 2013. Box-covering algorithm for fractal dimension of weighted networks. Sci. Rep. 3, 1 (2013), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2008.2008102","article-title":"Software engineering and scale-free networks","volume":"39","author":"Wen Lian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lian Wen, R. Geoff Dromey, and Diana Kirk. 2009. Software engineering and scale-free networks. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B 39, 3 (2009), 648\u2013657.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.02.001","article-title":"The fractal dimension of complex networks: A review","volume":"73","author":"Wen Tao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tao Wen and Kang Hao Cheong. 2021. The fractal dimension of complex networks: A review. Inf. Fusion 73 (2021), 87\u2013102.","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1689(199609\/12)6:3\/4<255::AID-STVR110>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Object-oriented metrics: Measures of complexity, by Brian Henderson-Sellers, Prentice Hall, 1996 (Book Review)","volume":"6","author":"West Martin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Martin West. 1996. Object-oriented metrics: Measures of complexity, by Brian Henderson-Sellers, Prentice Hall, 1996 (Book Review). Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab. 6, 3\/4 (1996), 255\u2013256.","journal-title":"Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6178","article-title":"Evaluating software complexity measures","volume":"14","author":"Weyuker Elaine J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Elaine J. Weyuker. 1988. Evaluating software complexity measures. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 14, 9 (1988), 1357\u20131365.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","volume-title":"Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (2nd. ed.)","author":"Witten Ian H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ian H. Witten and Eibe Frank. 2005. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (2nd. ed.). Morgan Kaufmann."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/T-C.1974.224002","article-title":"The cost of developing large-scale software","volume":"23","author":"Wolverton Ray W.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Ray W. Wolverton. 1974. The cost of developing large-scale software. IEEE Trans. Computers 23, 6 (1974), 615\u2013636.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Computers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","unstructured":"Jingwei Wu and Richard Holt. 2006. Seeking empirical evidence for self-organized criticality in open source software evolution."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","first-page":"244","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201907)","author":"Wu Jingwei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jingwei Wu, Richard C. Holt, and Ahmed E. Hassan. 2007. Empirical evidence for SOC dynamics in software evolution. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201907). IEEE, 244\u2013254."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2017.03.007","article-title":"TLEL: A two-layer ensemble learning approach for just-in-time defect prediction","volume":"87","author":"Yang Xinli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xinli Yang, David Lo, Xin Xia, and Jianling Sun. 2017a. TLEL: A two-layer ensemble learning approach for just-in-time defect prediction. Inf. Softw. Technol. 87 (2017), 206\u2013220.","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"6365","key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan3184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3184","article-title":"Small vulnerable sets determine large network cascades in power grids","volume":"358","author":"Yang Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang Yang, Takashi Nishikawa, and Adilson E. Motter. 2017b. Small vulnerable sets determine large network cascades in power grids. Science 358, 6365 (2017), eaan3184.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","first-page":"654","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201919)","author":"Yatish Suraj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suraj Yatish, Jirayus Jiarpakdee, Patanamon Thongtanunam, and Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn. 2019. Mining software defects: Should we consider affected releases? In Proceedings of the 41st IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE\u201919). IEEE\/ACM, 654\u2013665."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.735","article-title":"Measuring design complexity of semantic web ontologies","volume":"83","author":"Zhang Hongyu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hongyu Zhang, Yuan-Fang Li, and Hee Beng Kuan Tan. 2010. Measuring design complexity of semantic web ontologies. J. Syst. Softw. 83, 5 (2010), 803\u2013814.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3688844","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3688844","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:04:10Z","timestamp":1750291450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3688844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3688844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3688844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1049-331X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7392"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}