{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:50:24Z","timestamp":1773337824116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2023S1A5A8080247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023S1A5A8080247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008312","name":"California State University Fullerton","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many local governments have adopted digital innovations and advanced technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of things, and big data to address unprecedented problems, improve the processes and procedures of their services, and enhance citizen engagement. Yet, there are considerable variations in the adoption of digital innovation among local communities, and such variations lead to inequality in access to digital technologies among individuals, households, and other groups of different demographic and socioeconomic levels. Drawing on insights from institutional theory, this study examines whether community wealth, education level, and the presence of an independent IT department matter for a city's level of engagement with digital innovation and technologies. It examines a dataset obtained from the 2023 Local Digital innovation Survey with California city governments. A set of logistic regression analyses provide evidence that community wealth\/education and independent IT departments play significant roles in influencing California city governments\u2019 level of engagement with digital innovation and technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3689369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T23:32:59Z","timestamp":1724283179000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding the Determinants of Digital Innovation in California Local Governments: Digital Inequality and Agency Assignment Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7833-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myungjung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5033-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunmi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kookmin University, Seongbok-gu, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sounman","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Policy and Management, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9360-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon Ae","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"The network approach","author":"Adam S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. Adam and H. Kriesi. 2007. The network approach. Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press, Boulder P.A. Sabatier (Ed.), 129\u2013154.","journal-title":"Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press, Boulder"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15961-9_9","article-title":"Adoption and diffusion of m-government: Challenges and future directions for research","volume":"11","author":"Al-Hadidi A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"A. Al-Hadidi and Y. Rezgui. 2010. Adoption and diffusion of m-government: Challenges and future directions for research. In Collaborative Networks for a Sustainable World: 11th IFIP WG 5.5 Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises, PRO-VE 2010, St. Etienne, France, October 11-13, 2010. Proceedings 11. 88\u201394, Springer Berlin.","journal-title":"Collaborative Networks for a Sustainable World: 11th IFIP WG 5.5 Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises, PRO-VE 2010, St. Etienne, France, October 11-13, 2010. Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498765.1498801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nor-2017-0398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/977379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","article-title":"Innovation and diffusion models in policy research","author":"Berry F. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"F. S. Berry and W. D. Berry. 1999. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research. In Theories of the Policy Process, Colorado: Westview, P. A. Sabatier (Ed.)","journal-title":"Theories of the Policy Process, Colorado: Westview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1963526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323102017001607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09640569811812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2018.1473477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.12617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"J. Choudrie E. Umeoji and C. Forson. 2012. Diffusion of e-government in Nigeria: A qualitative study of culture and gender."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0160323X18808561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"A Behavioral Theory of the Firm","author":"Cyert Richard M.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Richard M. Cyert and James G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-018-9701-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ppmgov\/gvy001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2095101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852305051687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027507409102100101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1937887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","volume-title":"Building the Virtual State","author":"Fountain J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"J. Fountain. 2001. Building the Virtual State. Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8500.2009.00643.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019112722593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","unstructured":"L. Hodge. 2023. Santa Monica police are using drones as first responders. Retrieved from https:\/\/jalopnik.com\/california-police-drones-emergency-first-responders-1850607124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087404274137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2022.101723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511528163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","unstructured":"International City\/County Management Association (ICMA). 2010. ICMA 2010 Sustainability Survey Results. Retrieved from http:\/\/icma.org\/en\/icma\/knowledge_network\/documents\/kn\/Document\/301646\/ICMA_2010_Sustainability_Survey_Results"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/muq020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","article-title":"Cities, data and digital innovation","author":"Kleinman M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Kleinman. 2016. Cities, data and digital innovation. IMFG Papers on Municipal Finance and Governance. Retrieved from https:\/\/munkschool.utoronto.ca\/imfg\/uploads\/338\/imfgpaper_no24_citiesdatadigitalinnovation_markkleinman_feb_10_2016.pdf","journal-title":"IMFG Papers on Municipal Finance and Governance"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"The administrative organization of sustainability within local government","volume":"26","author":"Krause R. M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. M. Krause, R. C. Feiock, and C. V. Hawkins. 2016. The administrative organization of sustainability within local government. J. Public Adm. Res. Theory 26, 1 (2016), 113\u2013127.","journal-title":"J. Public Adm. Res. Theory"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/juaf.12094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091026017717240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mun026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3598469.3598483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2017.1355779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","volume-title":"Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables","author":"Long S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Long. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Sage, London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-5961(99)00052-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","author":"Meier K. J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"K. J. Meier, J. L. Brudney, and J. Bohte. 2009. Applied Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administration. Cengage Learning.","journal-title":"Applied Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administration"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.562218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","unstructured":"B. Miller. 2015. California cities turn to internet of things to solve parking traffic problems. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.govtech.com\/fs\/california-cities-turn-to-internet-of-things-to-solve-parking-traffic-problems.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/7.special_issue.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","article-title":"The social relations of e-government diffusion in developing countries: The case of Rwanda","author":"Mwangi W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"W. Mwangi. 2006. The social relations of e-government diffusion in developing countries: The case of Rwanda. In Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Digital Government Research","journal-title":"Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Digital Government Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","volume-title":"International City\/County Management Association","author":"Norris D. F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"D. F. Norris, P. D. Fletcher, and S. H. Holden. 2001. Is your local government plugged in? Highlights of the 2000 electronic government survey. International City\/County Management Association. Washington, D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139164887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808678"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","unstructured":"OECD. 2019. Enhancing the contribution of digitalization to the smart cities of the future. OECD."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","unstructured":"Office of Policy Development and Research. 2016. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/periodicals\/em\/fall16\/highlight2.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Theories of the Policy Process","author":"Ostrom E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"E. Ostrom. 1999. Institutional rational choice: An assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. P. A. Sabatier, 35\u201371. Boulder, CO: Westview."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","volume-title":"Understanding Institutional Diversity","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ostrom Elinor. 2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891242411431449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Municipal management tools from 1976 to 1993: An overview and update","volume":"18","author":"Poister T. H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"T. H. Poister and Gregory Streib. 1994. Municipal management tools from 1976 to 1993: An overview and update. Public Prod. Manag. Rev. 18 (1994), 115\u2013125.","journal-title":"Public Prod. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2005.00429.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","volume-title":"Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously: Economic Development, the Environment, and Quality of Life in American Cities","author":"Portney Kent E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kent E. Portney. 2013. Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously: Economic Development, the Environment, and Quality of Life in American Cities, 2nd ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2015.1012532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","volume-title":"Diffusion of Innovations","author":"Rogers E. M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"E. M. Rogers. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674432833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ajpas\/2019\/v5i230132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","unstructured":"P. Sisson. 2023. In (above) Beverly Hills police are watching. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2023-01-19\/in-beverly-hills-police-surveillance-technology-takes-off"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.2009.00302.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-3352.00197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399704273212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/257839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","unstructured":"E. A. Vogels. 2021. Digital divide persists even as Americans with lower incomes make gains in tech adoption. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2021\/06\/22\/digital-divide-persists-even-as-americans-with-lower-incomes-make-gains-in-tech-adoption\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203861639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mup015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","unstructured":"U. S. Census data. 2021. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/what-is-data-census-gov\/latest-releases\/2021.html"}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3689369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3689369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:05:45Z","timestamp":1750291545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3689369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3689369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3689369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-199X","type":"print"},{"value":"2639-0175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}