{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:23:29Z","timestamp":1779315809228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has exacerbated the challenges of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information (MDM) within digital ecosystems. These multi-faceted challenges demand a re-evaluation of the digital information lifecycle and a deep understanding of its social impact. An interdisciplinary strategy integrating insights from technology, social sciences, and policy analysis is crucial to address these issues effectively. This article introduces a three-tiered framework to scrutinize the lifecycle of GenAI-driven content from creation to consumption, emphasizing the consumer perspective. We examine the dynamics of consumer behavior that drive interactions with MDM, pinpoints vulnerabilities in the information dissemination process, and advocates for adaptive, evidence-based policies. Our interdisciplinary methodology aims to bolster information integrity and fortify public trust, equipping digital societies to manage the complexities of GenAI and proactively address the evolving challenges of digital misinformation. We conclude by discussing how GenAI can be leveraged to combat MDM, thereby creating a reflective cycle of technological advancement and mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3689372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T11:21:07Z","timestamp":1724412067000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Misinformation, Disinformation, and Generative AI: Implications for Perception and Policy"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8127-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kokil","family":"Jaidka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Chesterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wynne","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8507-3716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Yen","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4846-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan","family":"Kankanhalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9636-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mong Li","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyula","family":"Seres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.1 Institute for Health and Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terence","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araz","family":"Taeihagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5125-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0914-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaokui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1043-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01735-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2023.2194886"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111747"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190658"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01641-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199576081.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830090304"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03266-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197621080.001.0001"},{"issue":"44","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Hybrid ethics for generative AI: Some philosophical inquiries on GANs","volume":"16","author":"Carnevale Antonio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antonio Carnevale, Claudia Falchi Delgado, and Piercosma Bisconti. 2023. Hybrid ethics for generative AI: Some philosophical inquiries on GANs. HUMANA.MENTE Journal of Philosophical Studies 16, 44 (2023), 33\u201356.","journal-title":"HUMANA.MENTE Journal of Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221414"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3451216"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","article-title":"Good models borrow, great models steal: intellectual property rights and generative AI","author":"Simon Chesterman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simon Chesterman. 2024. Good models borrow, great models steal: intellectual property rights and generative AI. Policy and Society (2024), puae006.","journal-title":"Policy and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3347"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"European Commission. n.d. The Digital Services Act Package. Retrieved August 28 2024 from https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/digital-services-act-package"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-007-9092-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philipe de Freitas Melo Carolina Coimbra Vieira Kiran Garimella Pedro O. S. Vaz de Melo and Fabr\u00edcio Benevenuto. 2020. Can WhatsApp counter misinformation by limiting message forwarding? In Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII (COMPLEX NETWORKS 2019). Studies in Computational Intelligence Vol. 881. Springer 372\u2013384.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01748-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","article-title":"No \u201cjasmine\u201d for China","author":"Dickson Bruce J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bruce J. Dickson. 2011. No \u201cjasmine\u201d for China. China and East Asia 110, 737 (2011), 211\u2013216. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45319730","journal-title":"China and East Asia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"313","article-title":"Correlation neglect in belief formation","volume":"86","author":"Enke Benjamin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin Enke and Florian Zimmermann. 2019. Correlation neglect in belief formation. Review of Economic Studies 86, 1 (2019), 313\u2013332.","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erik Eyster and Georg Weizsacker. 2010. Correlation Neglect in Financial Decision-Making. Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1104. DIW Berlin German Institute for Economic Research.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1735339"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","volume":"207","author":"Festinger Leon","year":"1962","unstructured":"Leon Festinger. 1962. Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American 207, 4 (1962), 93.","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00954-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003037385"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Political bias in large language models","volume":"4","author":"Gover Lucas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lucas Gover. 2023. Political bias in large language models. Commons: Puget Sound Journal of Politics 4, 1 (2023), 2.","journal-title":"Commons: Puget Sound Journal of Politics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350257948"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","article-title":"FACT SHEET: President Biden issues executive order on safe, secure, and trustworthy artificial intelligence","author":"House The White","year":"2023","unstructured":"The White House. 2023. FACT SHEET: President Biden issues executive order on safe, secure, and trustworthy artificial intelligence. The White House. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2023\/10\/30\/fact-sheet-president-biden-issues-executive-order-on-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence\/","journal-title":"The White House."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02491-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2021.103725"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027162231217873"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqac050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5876-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3698900.3698959"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10183-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puae012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2019.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1770632"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3352063.3352117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"Legislation.gov.uk. 2023. Online Safety aAct 2023. Retrieved August 28 2024 from https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2023\/50\/contents\/enacted"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2019.1163"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Liu Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan Liu, Yu Liu, Xiaokang Chen, Pin-Yu Chen, Daoguang Zan, Min-Yen Kan, and Tsung-Yi Ho. 2024. The devil is in the neurons: Interpreting and mitigating social biases in language models. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"issue":"2021","key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"1200","article-title":"Motivations for sharing misinformation: A comparative study in six Sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"15","author":"Madrid-Morales Dani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dani Madrid-Morales, Herman Wasserman, Gregory Gondwe, Khulekani Ndlovu, Etse Sikanku, Melissa Tully, Emeka Umejei, and Chikezie Uzuegbunam. 2021. Motivations for sharing misinformation: A comparative study in six Sub-Saharan African countries. International Journal of Communication 15, 2021 (2021), 1200\u20131219.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-06-2019-0289"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-01099-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02896-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2022.2075061"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2020.1763531"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","article-title":"FANG: Leveraging social context for fake news detection using graph representation","author":"Nguyen Van-Hoang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van-Hoang Nguyen, Kazunari Sugiyama, Preslav Nakov, and Min-Yen Kan. 2020. FANG: Leveraging social context for fake news detection using graph representation. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management.https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:221150991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-02872-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","unstructured":"Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. 2023. Communications Legislation Amendment (Combatting Misinformation and Disinformation) Bill 2023. Retrieved August 28 2024 from https:\/\/www.infrastructure.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/communications-legislation-amendment-combatting-misinformation-and-disinformation-bill2023-june2023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","unstructured":"Ofcom. 2023. Online Safety\u2014What Is Ofcom\u2019s Role and What Does It Mean for You? Retrieved August 28 2024 from https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/news-centre\/2023\/online-safety-ofcom-role-and-what-it-means-for-you"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00671-6_39"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-demo.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","article-title":"WhatsApp curbs message forwarding in bid to deter India lynch mobs","author":"Phartiyal Sankalp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sankalp Phartiyal and Krishna V. Kurup. 2018. WhatsApp curbs message forwarding in bid to deter India lynch mobs. Reuters. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSKBN1KB026\/","journal-title":"Reuters."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","article-title":"Topology comparison of Twitter diffusion networks effectively reveals misleading information","volume":"10","author":"Pierri Francesco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Francesco Pierri, Carlo Piccardi, and Stefano Ceri. 2019. Topology comparison of Twitter diffusion networks effectively reveals misleading information. Scientific Reports 10 (2019), 1372. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:147703897","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01240"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdz045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","article-title":"Why is Labor\u2019s bill on combatting disinformation so controversial?","author":"Remeikis Amy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amy Remeikis. 2023. Why is Labor\u2019s bill on combatting disinformation so controversial? The Guardian Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2023\/oct\/01\/why-is-labors-bill-on-combatting-disinformation-so-controversial","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274417"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12030148"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW60793.2023.00048"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","article-title":"On the conversational persuasiveness of large language models: A randomized controlled trial","author":"Salvi Francesco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Francesco Salvi, Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Riccardo Gallotti, and Robert West. 2024. On the conversational persuasiveness of large language models: A randomized controlled trial. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.14380 (2024).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.14380"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","article-title":"White House says Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft agree to AI safeguards","author":"Siddiqui Sabrina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabrina Siddiqui and Deepa Seetharaman. 2023. White House says Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft agree to AI safeguards. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/white-house-says-amazon-google-meta-microsoft-agree-to-ai-safeguards-eabe3680","journal-title":"The Wall Street Journal."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2719943.2719947"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","article-title":"Labor to overhaul misinformation bill after objections over freedom of speech","author":"Taylor Josh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Josh Taylor. 2023. Labor to overhaul misinformation bill after objections over freedom of speech. The Guardian. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2023\/nov\/13\/labor-misinformation-bill-objections-freedom-of-speech-religious-freedom","journal-title":"The Guardian."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","article-title":"Jefferson\u2019s preference for \u201cnewspapers without government\u201d over \u201cgovernment without newspapers.\u201d","author":"Thomas Jefferson","year":"1787","unstructured":"Jefferson Thomas. 1787. Jefferson\u2019s preference for \u201cnewspapers without government\u201d over \u201cgovernment without newspapers.\u201d Online Library of Liberty. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/quote\/jefferson-s-preference-for-newspapers-without-government-over-government-without-newspapers-1787","journal-title":"Online Library of Liberty."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","article-title":"\u2018Oh, bother\u2019: Chinese censors can\u2019t bear Winnie the Pooh","author":"Times The Straits","year":"2017","unstructured":"The Straits Times. 2017. \u2018Oh, bother\u2019: Chinese censors can\u2019t bear Winnie the Pooh. The Straits Times. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/asia\/east-asia\/oh-bother-chinese-censors-cant-bear-winnie-the-pooh","journal-title":"The Straits Times."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03803-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02999-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","article-title":"Predicting sentence-level factuality of news and bias of media outlets","author":"Vargas Francielle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Francielle Vargas, Kokil Jaidka, Thiago A. S. Pardo, and Fabr\u00edcio Benevenuto. 2023. Predicting sentence-level factuality of news and bias of media outlets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.11850 (2023).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.11850"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i13.27037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394171.3414692"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","article-title":"Singapore: \u2018Fake news\u2019 law curtails speech","author":"Watch Human Rights","year":"2021","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. 2021. Singapore: \u2018Fake news\u2019 law curtails speech. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/01\/13\/singapore-fake-news-law-curtails-speech","journal-title":"Human Rights Watch."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","article-title":"Google and Facebook take aim at fake news sites","author":"Wingfield Nick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nick Wingfield, Mike Isaac, and Katie Benner. 2016. Google and Facebook take aim at fake news sites. The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/11\/15\/technology\/google-will-ban-websites-that-host-fake-news-from-using-its-ad-service.html","journal-title":"The New York Times."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","unstructured":"Konarski Xawery. 2023. The Digital Services Act (DSA) and Combating Disinformation\u201410 Key Takeaways. Retrieved August 28 2024 from https:\/\/www.traple.pl\/en\/the-digital-services-act-dsa-and-combating-disinformation-10-key-takeaways\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447548.3467272"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE51399.2021.00081"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-09-2020-0417"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR56361.2022.9956134"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiqi Zhang Jiachen Sun Wenqing Lin Xiaokui Xiao Yiqian Huang and Bo Tang. 2024. Information diffusion meets invitation mechanism. In Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024 (WWW\u201924). 383\u2013392.","DOI":"10.1145\/3589335.3648337"}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3689372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3689372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:05:45Z","timestamp":1750291545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3689372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3689372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3689372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-199X","type":"print"},{"value":"2639-0175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}