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Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Point cloud (PC) compression is crucial to immersive visual applications such as autonomous vehicles to classify objects on the roads. The Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) standardization group has achieved a notable compression efficiency, called video-based PC compression (V-PCC), which consists of an encoder-decoder. The V-PCC encoder takes original 3D PC data and projects them onto multiple 2D planes to generate several 2D feature images. These images are then compressed using the well-established High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) method. The V-PCC decoder uses compressed information and decoding techniques to reconstruct the 3D PC. However, the PCs produced by V-PCC are often sparse, non-uniform, and contain artifacts. In many practical applications, it is necessary to recover complete PCs from partial ones in real time. This article presents a method for enhancing decoded PCs as a post-processing step in the V-PCC with reduced computational time. Our approach involves a 2D upsampling for the V-PCC occupancy image, which increases the density of the PC, and a 2D high-resolution auxiliary information modification algorithm for the 2D-3D conversion of high-resolution 3D PCs, which improves the uniformity and reduces the noise in the PC. The 3D high-resolution PC has been further enhanced using the developed 3D outlier removal and point regeneration algorithm. Our proposed work can significantly simplify the state-of-the-art super resolution methods for PCs and reduce the time complexity of 61\u201375% while maintaining a high level of quality in PCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3690641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T11:59:48Z","timestamp":1725105588000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Upsampling Algorithm for V-PCC-Coded 3D Point Clouds"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Lan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6639-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing-Wei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0664-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Cheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2679-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ding-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7256-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Fu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1577-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangming","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Arts, Redwood City, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2984780"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00444-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX \u201920)","author":"Alexiou Evangelos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evangelos Alexiou, Nanyang Yang, and Touradj Ebrahimi. 2020. 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