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Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Affective feedback from social robots is a useful technique for communicating to people whether they are interacting \u201cwell\u201d with the robot or not. However, some users, such as people with physical or cognitive difficulties, may not be able to interact in all the desired ways. In these cases, affective feedback from the robot could be excessively negative\u2014an \u201cunhappy\u201d robot, leading to an unrewarding experience for the user. This article presents a motivation-based architecture for an autonomous multimodal social robot, that incorporates an affective feedback mechanism which generates an affective state by combining the internal needs of the robot and the social interaction quality. The balance between these two factors can dynamically change, allowing the robot to adapt its affective feedback to the user's interaction style and capabilities. We have implemented this architecture in a simulation and in a MiRo social robot, and report experiments examining the behavior of the system in interactions with different experimental user profiles. The results show that the adaptive mechanism allows the robot to change its affective feedback to give more positive encouragement to users than in non-adaptive cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3691348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T15:27:30Z","timestamp":1725118050000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adapting to My User, Engaging with My Robot: An Adaptive Affective Architecture for a Social Assistive Robot"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9576-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Maroto-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Engineering and Automation, University Carlos III of Madrid, Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EECAIA Lab, Adaptive Systems Research Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science (SPECS), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Castro-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Engineering and Automation, University Carlos III of Madrid, Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2317-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Malfaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Engineering and Automation, University Carlos III of Madrid, Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Salichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Engineering and Automation, University Carlos III of Madrid, Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6903-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lola","family":"Ca\u00f1amero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEX Chair in Neuroscience and Robotics, ETIS Lab\u2013CY Cergy Paris Universit\u00e9, ENSEA, Cergy, France and Adaptive Systems Research Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science (SPECS), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Artificial emotional intelligence in socially assistive robots for older adults: A pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Abdollahi Hojjat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hojjat Abdollahi, Mohammad Mahoor, Rohola Zandie, Jarid Sewierski, and Sara Qualls. 2022. 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