{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T21:55:10Z","timestamp":1769291710514,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":46,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000161","name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70NANB21H088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70NANB21H088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3694907.3765923","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T10:20:37Z","timestamp":1761387637000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human-in-the-Loop VR Training with Live Actor Embodiment for Police Traffic Stop De-escalation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeronimo","family":"Grandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer & Cyber Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8167-1513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalton B","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2081-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regis","family":"Kopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron Bangor Philip\u00a0T Kortum and James\u00a0T Miller. 2008. An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. Intl. Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 24 6 (2008) 574\u2013594.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310802205776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johanna Bertram Johannes Moskaliuk and Ulrike Cress. 2015. Virtual training: Making reality work? Computers in Human Behavior 43 (2015) 284\u2013292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"John Brooke et\u00a0al. 1996. SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability Evaluation in Industry 189 194 (1996) 4\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Polona Caserman Philip Schmidt Thorsten G\u00f6bel Jonas Zinn\u00e4cker Andr\u00e9 Kecke and Stefan G\u00f6bel. 2022. Impact of Full-Body Avatars in Immersive Multiplayer Virtual Reality Training for Police Forces. IEEE Transactions on Games 14 4 (2022) 706\u2013714. 10.1109\/TG.2022.3148791","DOI":"10.1109\/TG.2022.3148791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paula\u00a0M Di\u00a0Nota and Juha-Matti Huhta. 2019. Complex motor learning and police training: Applied cognitive and clinical perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019) 464471.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"James\u00a0J Fyfe. 1989. Police\/citizen violence reduction project. FBI L. Enforcement Bull. 58 (1989) 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-6820-0.ch006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar Gonzalez-Franco Eyal Ofek Ye Pan Angus Antley Anthony Steed Bernhard Spanlang Antonella Maselli Domna Banakou Nuria Pelechano Sergio Orts-Escolano Veronica Orvalho Laura Trutoiu Markus Wojcik Maria\u00a0V. Sanchez-Vives Jeremy Bailenson Mel Slater and Jaron Lanier. 2020. The Rocketbox Library and the Utility of Freely Available Rigged Avatars. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 1 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.561558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greg Guest Arwen Bunce and Laura Johnson. 2006. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods 18 1 (2006) 59\u201382.","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziwei Ji Nayeon Lee Rita Frieske Tiezheng Yu Dan Su Yan Xu Etsuko Ishii Ye\u00a0Jin Bang Andrea Madotto and Pascale Fung. 2023. Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation. ACM Comput. Surv. 55 12 (2023).","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julie\u00a0A. Kent and Charles\u00a0E. Hughes. 2022. Law Enforcement Training Using Simulation for Locally Customized Encounters. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 3 (2022) 960146.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.960146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanneke Kip Saskia\u00a0M. Kelders Yvonne H.\u00a0A. Bouman and Lisette J. E. W.\u00a0C. van Gemert-Pijnen. 2019. The Importance of Systematically Reporting and Reflecting on eHealth Development: Participatory Development Process of a Virtual Reality Application for Forensic Mental Health Care. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21 8 (2019) e12972.","DOI":"10.2196\/12972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilary Lamb. 2020. Can VR help to make policing fairer? Engineering & Technology 15 3 (2020) 44\u201349.","DOI":"10.1049\/et.2020.0304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennifer\u00a0AA Lavoie Natalie Alvarez and Yasmine Kandil. 2022. Developing community co-designed scenario-based training for police mental health crisis response: A relational policing approach to de-escalation. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 37 3 (2022) 587\u2013601.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-022-09500-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carina Lindgren. 2012. Do you know your outcome of realistic scenario training? Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 46 (2012) 863\u2013869.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.05.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharon MacLean Fiona Geddes Michelle Kelly and Phillip Della. 2018. Simulated patient training: Using inter-rater reliability to evaluate simulated patient consistency in nursing education. Nurse Educ. Today 62 (2018) 85\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00a0Hunter Martaindale et\u00a0al. 2024. Can a virtual reality training scenario elicit similar stress response as a realistic scenario-based training scenario? Police Quarterly 27 1 (2024) 109\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1177\/10986111231182729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cade McCall Jim Blascovich Ariana Young and Susan Persky. 2009. Proxemic behaviors as predictors of aggression towards Black (but not White) males in an immersive virtual environment. Social Influence 4 2 (2009) 138\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510802517418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janice\u00a0M Morse. 2000. Determining sample size. 3\u20135\u00a0pages.","DOI":"10.1177\/104973200129118183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannes Moskaliuk Johanna Bertram and Ulrike Cress. 2013. Impact of virtual training environments on the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 16 3 (2013) 210\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Markus Murtinger Jakob\u00a0Carl Uhl Lisa\u00a0Maria Atzm\u00fcller Georg Regal and Michael Roither. 2024. Sound of the Police\u2014Virtual Reality Training for Police Communication for High-Stress Operations. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 8 6 (2024). 10.3390\/mti8060046","DOI":"10.3390\/mti8060046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John\u00a0E. Mu\u00f1oz Jennifer\u00a0A. Lavoie and Alan\u00a0T. Pope. 2024. Psychophysiological Insights and User Perspectives: Enhancing Police De-escalation Skills through Full-Body VR Training. Frontiers in Psychology 15 (2024) 1390677.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1390677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberto Navigli Simone Conia and Bj\u00f6rn Ross. 2023. Biases in large language models: origins inventory and discussion. ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality 15 2 (2023) 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1145\/3597307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","first-page":"478","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Proc. International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (VAMR 2023)","volume":"14027","author":"Nisar Harris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harris Nisar, Arnav Shah, Avinash Gupta, and Abraham Kocheril. 2023. A Participatory Design Approach to Develop a VR-Based Electrocardiogram Training Simulator. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Proc. International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (VAMR 2023) , Vol.\u00a014027. 478\u2013489."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Final Report of the President\u2019s Task Force on 21st Century Policing","author":"Century\u00a0Policing President\u2019s Task\u00a0Force on\u00a021st","year":"2015","unstructured":"President\u2019s Task\u00a0Force on\u00a021st Century\u00a0Policing. 2015. Final Report of the President\u2019s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Technical Report. Executive Office of the President."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tabitha\u00a0C. Peck Jessica\u00a0J. Good and Katharina Seitz. 2021. Evidence of Racial Bias Using Immersive Virtual Reality: Analysis of Head and Hand Motions During Shooting Decisions. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 27 5 (2021) 2502\u20132512. 10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067767","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641825.3687707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jason Potts Angela Hawken Maureen Hillhouse and David Farabee. 2022. Virtual reality for law enforcement training: a demonstration and implication for dispatch priming. Police Practice and Research 23 5 (2022) 623\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2022.2065991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"Frederick\u00a0F Reichheld. 2003. The one number you need to grow. Harvard Business Review 81 12 (2003) 46\u201355."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis\u00a0P Rosenbaum and Daniel\u00a0S Lawrence. 2017. Teaching procedural justice and communication skills during police\u2013community encounters: Results of a randomized control trial with police recruits. Journal of Experimental Criminology 13 (2017) 293\u2013319.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-017-9293-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8798371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei\u00a0Jun See and Amanda Davies. 2024. How Far Have We Advanced in Simulation-based Training for Policing and Law Enforcement? A Literature Review 2014\u201324. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 18 (2024) paae116.","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paae116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun\u2019ichiro Seyama and Ruth\u00a0S Nagayama. 2007. The uncanny valley: Effect of realism on the impression of artificial human faces. Presence 16 4 (2007) 337\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.16.4.337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/351006.351020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e9mi Th\u00e9riault Jay\u00a0A. Olson Sonia\u00a0A. Krol and Amir Raz. 2021. Body Swapping with a Black Person Boosts Empathy: Using Virtual Reality to Embody Another. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74 12 (2021) 2057\u20132074.","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218211024826"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","unstructured":"Natalie Todak. 2017. De-escalation in police-citizen encounters: A mixed methods study of a misunderstood policing strategy. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Arizona State University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent\u00a0B Van\u00a0Hasselt and Stephen\u00a0J Romano. 2004. Role-playing: A vital tool in crisis negotiation skills training. FBI L. Enforcement Bull. 73 (2004) 12.","DOI":"10.1037\/e376832004-005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amy\u00a0C Watson Elisabeth Jackson En Fu Ron Bruno Erin Comartin Don Kamin Leah\u00a0G Pope Eduardo Vega and Michael\u00a0T Compton. 2024. Assessing law enforcement officer skills in Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) research: developing and implementing standardized scenarios. Frontiers in Psychology 15 (2024) 1463462.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1463462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan\u00a0Blair Woods. 2018. Policing danger narratives and routine traffic stops. Mich. L. Rev. 117 (2018) 635.","DOI":"10.36644\/mlr.117.4.policing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuanjie Wu Yu Wang Sungchul Jung Simon Hoermann and Robert\u00a0W. Lindeman. 2021. Using a Fully Expressive Avatar to Collaborate in Virtual Reality: Evaluation of Task Performance Presence and Attraction. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2 (2021) 641296.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.641296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olivia Zechner Lisanne Kleygrewe Emma Jaspaert Helmut Schrom-Feiertag R.\u00a0I.\u00a0Vana Hutter and Manfred Tscheligi. 2023. Enhancing Operational Police Training in High Stress Situations with Virtual Reality: Experiences Tools and Guidelines. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 7 2 (2023). 10.3390\/mti7020014","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7020014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition","author":"Zimmerman Laura\u00a0A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laura\u00a0A Zimmerman. 2008. Making sense of human behavior: explaining how police officers assess danger during traffic stops. In Naturalistic Decision Making and Macrocognition. 121\u2013140."}],"event":{"name":"SUI '25: ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"SUI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3694907.3765923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3694907.3765923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:26:05Z","timestamp":1767986765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3694907.3765923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3694907.3765923","10.1145\/3694907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3694907.3765923","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}