{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:37:10Z","timestamp":1768822630142,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency [MSB]"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Sweden, a decade ago, digitalized co-production emergency response initiatives of a hybrid bottom-up type emerged. They targeted local efforts to recruit groups of citizens to provide first responses for other citizens in accidents. Benefits in terms of shorter response times, saved lives, reduced human suffering, and material damage have been demonstrated. Recently, national authorities recognized the need to support the initiatives to expand to all rescue services, and the potential to scale up the use of citizen first responders, also in large-scale crisis management and as part of civil preparedness. Previous research has studied the initiatives and developed three models aimed at supporting the implementation of digitalized co-production. In this study, we report from the initial phase of the nationwide effort, carry out an initial evaluation, and present revised models. The models are adapted to rural versus urban settings and complemented with a model providing national support. Information and communication technology plays a crucial role in all of them. We define the hybrid type as interdependent digitalized co-production where government citizen sourcing is not direct but includes the intermediate level of the rescue services. Implications are discussed, e.g., on how to achieve a balance between centralization and decentralization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3696007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:39:50Z","timestamp":1726486790000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards a New Typology of Digitalized Co-production: Implementing Local Emergency Response Initiatives Nationwide"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Pilemalm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Link\u00f6pings universitet, Linkoping, Sweden and University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1695-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael","family":"Alkusaibati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Link\u00f6pings universitet, Linkoping, Sweden"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-750X(96)00023-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315204956-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-012-9311-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2011.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674915435"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40265-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2019.1619807"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IP-150367"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69698-6_63"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-07-2017-0041"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209281.3209302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Understanding Risk: The Evolution of Disaster Risk Assessment Chapter: 3-20","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anna Scolobig, Alex Garcia-Aristizabal, Nadedja Komendantova, and Anthony Patt. 2014. From multi-risk assessment to multi-risk governance: Recommendations for future directions. In Understanding Risk: The Evolution of Disaster Risk Assessment Chapter: 3-20. World Bank Editors: Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), 163\u2013167. https:\/\/brgm.hal.science\/hal-01065443"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-05-2020-0088"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59297\/ARQO2281"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDEG52154.2021.9530994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Identifying functions for smartphone based applications in volunteer emergency response","author":"Ramsell Elina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elina Ramsell, Tobias Andersson Granberg, and Sofie Pilemalm. 2019. Identifying functions for smartphone based applications in volunteer emergency response. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Global Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), May, Valencia, Spain, 1044\u20131056.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual Global Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27397-2_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"782","article-title":"Barriers to digitalized co-production: The case of volunteer first responders","author":"Pilemalm Sofie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sofie Pilemalm. 2022. Barriers to digitalized co-production: The case of volunteer first responders. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Global Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), (2022), Tarbes, France, 782\u2013790.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual Global Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDEG58167.2023.10122074"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009539978101300104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/975377"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315204956-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315204956"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-012-9309-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315204956"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IP-190122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325112.3325232"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci11010022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266666920913894"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"Brandweeracademie. 2019. Recruitment and retention of volunteers in European fire services. Phase 1: Document Study and Exploratory Focus Group. Retrieved from https:\/\/archief.nipv.nl\/documenten\/recruitment-and-retention-of-volunteers-in-european-fire-services\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","article-title":"Trial by fire: The deployment of trusted digital volunteers in the 2011 Shadow Lake fire","author":"Denis Lise Ann St.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lise Ann St. Denis, Amanda Lee Hughes, and Leysia Palen. 2012. Trial by fire: The deployment of trusted digital volunteers in the 2011 Shadow Lake fire. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, (ISCRAM), 2012. Vancouver, Canada.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, (ISCRAM)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29379\/jedem.v12i1.583"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jiscrm.2013040102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","article-title":"Modeling uncertain task compliance in dispatch of volunteers to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients","volume":"159","author":"Matinrad Niki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niki Matinrad, Tobias Andersson Granberg, and Vangelis Angelakis. 2021. Modeling uncertain task compliance in dispatch of volunteers to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Computers & Industrial Engineering 159, (2021).","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"985","article-title":"Using volunteers for emergency response in rural areas \u2013 network collaboration factors and IT support in the case of enhanced neighbors","author":"Ramsell Elina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elina Ramsell, Sofie Pilemalm, and Tobias Granberg. 2017. Using volunteers for emergency response in rural areas \u2013 network collaboration factors and IT support in the case of enhanced neighbors. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 2017, Albi, France, 985\u2013995.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-023-01101-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","volume-title":"Qualitative Research in Business & Management","author":"Myers Michael D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michael D. Myers. 2009. Qualitative Research in Business & Management. Sage Publications Ltd, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jhsem-2020-0077"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300448"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12212"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037556.2037581"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","article-title":"Akutthjelpere: Heltene som bist\u00e5r helsepersonellet","author":"Sandvold Karoline Lervik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karoline Lervik Sandvold. 2022. Akutthjelpere: Heltene som bist\u00e5r helsepersonellet. Norsk Luftambulanse. (Eng) Emergency Responders: The Heroes Assisting Healthcare Personnel. Norwegian Air Ambulance. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https:\/\/norskluftambulanse.no\/nyheter\/heltene-som-bistar-helsepersonellet\/","journal-title":"Norsk Luftambulanse"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","unstructured":"Blythe McLennan. 2022. Emergency volunteering 2030: Views from emergency response volunteer representatives. Retrieved August 15 2024 from https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/publication\/emergency-volunteering-2030-views-managers-volunteerism"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315204956-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3384\/diss.diva-172250"}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3696007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3696007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:04:30Z","timestamp":1750291470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3696007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3696007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3696007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-199X","type":"print"},{"value":"2639-0175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}