{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:47:55Z","timestamp":1782834475645,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":90,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, CAS","award":["E3Z0191101,E3Z0041101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E3Z0191101,E3Z0041101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714578","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T22:57:28Z","timestamp":1745362648000},"page":"1078-1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["HOLMES &amp; WATSON: A Robust and Lightweight HTTPS Website Fingerprinting through HTTP Version Parallelism"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1302-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4365-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2404-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peishuai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0611-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Fingerprinting attack on Tor anonymity using deep learning","volume":"42","author":"Abe Kota","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kota Abe and Shigeki Goto. 2016. Fingerprinting attack on Tor anonymity using deep learning. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 42, 0 (2016), 15--20.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine learning 6","author":"Aha David W","year":"1991","unstructured":"David W Aha, Dennis Kibler, and Marc K Albert. 1991. Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine learning 6 (1991), 37--66."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292006.3300025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3616639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2398776.2398819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Var-CNN: A data-efficient website fingerprinting attack based on deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.10215","author":"Bhat Sanjit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanjit Bhat, David Lu, Albert Kwon, and Srinivas Devadas. 2018. Var-CNN: A data-efficient website fingerprinting attack based on deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.10215 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mike Bishop. 2022. HTTP\/3. RFC 9114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC9114","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC51166.2024.10622394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10888-011-9188-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Better Results: Application Layer Feature Engineering in Encrypted Traffic Classification. In International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications. Springer, 548--556","author":"Chen Zihan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zihan Chen, Guang Cheng, Zijun Wei, Ziheng Xu, Nan Fu, and Yuyang Zhou. 2022. Higher Layers, Better Results: Application Layer Feature Engineering in Encrypted Traffic Classification. In International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications. Springer, 548--556."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Traffic analysis of SSL encrypted web browsing. Project paper","author":"Cheng Heyning","unstructured":"Heyning Cheng and Ron Avnur. 1998. Traffic analysis of SSL encrypted web browsing. Project paper, University of Berkeley (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Yifei Cheng. 2024. H123Website Fingerprinting. https:\/\/github.com\/2654400439\/H123-Website-Fingerprinting Accessed: 2024--10--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22)","author":"Cherubin Giovanni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giovanni Cherubin, Rob Jansen, and Carmela Troncoso. 2022. Online website fingerprinting: Evaluating website fingerprinting attacks on tor in the real world. In 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22). 753--770."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Chromium Developers. 2024. HTTP Pipelining. https:\/\/www.chromium.org\/developers\/design-documents\/network-stack\/http-pipelining\/ Accessed: 2024-09--30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"OpenSSL Contributors. 2024. OpenSSL ECH Feature Branch. https:\/\/github.com\/openssl\/openssl\/tree\/feature\/ech. Accessed: 2024-09--24."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1053964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3423351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Robust and reliable early-stage Website fingerprinting attacks via spatial-temporal distribution analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.00918","author":"Deng Xinhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xinhao Deng, Qi Li, and Ke Xu. 2024. Robust and reliable early-stage Website fingerprinting attacks via spatial-temporal distribution analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.00918 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Chrome Developers. 2023. Network Throttling - Chrome DevTools. https:\/\/developer.chrome.com\/docs\/devtools\/settings\/throttling. Accessed: 2024-09--13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA465464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0005740704070414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roy T. Fielding Mark Nottingham and Julian Reschke. 2022. HTTP\/1.1. RFC 9112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC9112","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"A survey on concept drift adaptation. ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 46, 4","author":"Gama Jo\u00e3o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Gama, Indre \u017dliobaite, Albert Bifet, Mykola Pechenizkiy, and Abdelhamid Bouchachia. 2014. A survey on concept drift adaptation. ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 46, 4 (2014), 1--37."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20)","author":"Gong Jiajun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiajun Gong and Tao Wang. 2020. Zero-delay lightweight defenses against website fingerprinting. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20). 717--734."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"25th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 16)","author":"Hayes Jamie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamie Hayes and George Danezis. 2016. k-fingerprinting: A robust scalable website fingerprinting technique. In 25th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 16). 1187--1203."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1655008.1655013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"International workshop on privacy enhancing technologies. Springer, 171--178","author":"Hintz Andrew","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andrew Hintz. 2002. Fingerprinting websites using traffic analysis. In International workshop on privacy enhancing technologies. Springer, 171--178."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21)","author":"Hoang Nguyen Phong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen Phong Hoang, Arian Akhavan Niaki, Jakub Dalek, Jeffrey Knockel, Pellaeon Lin, Bill Marczak, Masashi Crete-Nishihata, Phillipa Gill, and Michalis Polychronakis. 2021. How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China's {DNS} Censorship. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21). 3381--3398."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Phillipa Gill, and Michalis Polychronakis.","author":"Hoang Nguyen Phong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen Phong Hoang, Arian Akhavan Niaki, Phillipa Gill, and Michalis Polychronakis. 2021. Domain name encryption is not enough: Privacy leakage via IP-based website fingerprinting. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.08332 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christian Huitema Sara Dickinson and Allison Mankin. 2022. DNS over Dedicated QUIC Connections. RFC 9250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC9250","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"IETF. [n. d.]. QUIC Mailing List Archive. https:\/\/mailarchive.ietf.org\/arch\/browse\/quic\/. Accessed: 2024-09--26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings, Part I 21","author":"Juarez Marc","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marc Juarez, Mohsen Imani, Mike Perry, Claudia Diaz, and Matthew Wright. 2016. Toward an efficient website fingerprinting defense. In Computer Security--ESORICS 2016: 21st European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Heraklion, Greece, September 26--30, 2016, Proceedings, Part I 21. Springer, 27--46."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Packet size pluggable transport and traffic morphing. Technick\u00e1 Zpr\u00e1va","author":"Kadianakis George","year":"2012","unstructured":"George Kadianakis. 2012. Packet size pluggable transport and traffic morphing. Technick\u00e1 Zpr\u00e1va (2012), 03--004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Citizen Lab and Others. 2014. URL testing lists intended for discovering website censorship. https:\/\/github.com\/citizenlab\/test-lists https:\/\/github.com\/citizenlab\/test-lists."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Web Conference","author":"Lee Hyunwoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyunwoo Lee, Doowon Kim, and Yonghwi Kwon. 2021. TLS 1.3 in practice: How TLS 1.3 contributes to the internet. In Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021. 70--79."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"FoxIO LLC. 2023. JA4 Network Fingerprinting. https:\/\/github.com\/FoxIOLLC\/ja4 Accessed: 2023-09--20."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15497-3_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"2020 50th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). IEEE, 278--285","author":"Mitra Gargi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gargi Mitra, Prasanna Karthik Vairam, Patanjali Slpsk, Nitin Chandrachoodan, and V Kamakoti. 2020. Depending on HTTP\/2 for privacy? Good luck!. In 2020 50th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). IEEE, 278--285."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24)","author":"Mitseva Asya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asya Mitseva and Andriy Panchenko. 2024. Stop, Don't Click Here Anymore: BoostingWebsite Fingerprinting By Considering Sets of Subpages. In 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). 4139--4156."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555050.3569123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2021-0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriy Panchenko Fabian Lanze Jan Pennekamp Thomas Engel Andreas Zinnen Martin Henze and Klaus Wehrle. 2016. Website Fingerprinting at Internet Scale. In NDSS.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340301.3341133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.330413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3603269.3604840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob, Maciej Korczy'ski, and Wouter Joosen.","author":"Pochat Victor Le","year":"2018","unstructured":"Victor Le Pochat, Tom Van Goethem, Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob, Maciej Korczy'ski, and Wouter Joosen. 2018. Tranco: A research-oriented top sites ranking hardened against manipulation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.01156 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Cloudflare radar team. 2024. Worldwide Internet Quality. https:\/\/radar.cloudflare.com\/quality. Accessed: 2024-09--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Kantha Girish Gangadhara, and Matthew Wright","author":"Rahman Mohammad Saidur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammad Saidur Rahman, Payap Sirinam, Nate Mathews, Kantha Girish Gangadhara, and Matthew Wright. 2019. Tik-tok: The utility of packet timing in website fingerprinting attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.06421 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e19020047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.6.1235-1239.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eric Rescorla. 2000. HTTP Over TLS. RFC 2818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC2818","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC2818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Wood","author":"Rescorla Eric","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eric Rescorla, Kazuho Oku, Nick Sullivan, and Christopher A. Wood. 2024. TLS Encrypted Client Hello. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tls-esni-22. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-ietf-tls-esni\/22\/ Work in Progress."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Tom Van Goethem, and Wouter Joosen","author":"Rimmer Vera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vera Rimmer, Davy Preuveneers, Marc Juarez, Tom Van Goethem, and Wouter Joosen. 2017. Automated website fingerprinting through deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.06376 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell system technical journal 27, 3","author":"Shannon Claude Elwood","year":"1948","unstructured":"Claude Elwood Shannon. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell system technical journal 27, 3 (1948), 379--423."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)","author":"Shen Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng Shen, Kexin Ji, Zhenbo Gao, Qi Li, Liehuang Zhu, and Ke Xu. 2023. Subverting website fingerprinting defenses with robust traffic representation. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). 607--624."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3046876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3208196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2023-0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.09682","author":"Siby Sandra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sandra Siby, Marc Juarez, Claudia Diaz, Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, and Carmela Troncoso. 2019. Encrypted DNS--&gt; privacy? A traffic analysis perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.09682 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3354217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22)","author":"Smith Jean-Pierre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jean-Pierre Smith, Luca Dolfi, Prateek Mittal, and Adrian Perrig. 2022. {QCSD}: A {QUIC} {Client-Side} {Website-Fingerprinting} Defence Framework. In 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22). 771--789."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Statcounter Global Stats. 2024. Desktop Browser Market ShareWorldwide. https:\/\/gs.statcounter.com\/browser-market-share\/desktop\/worldwide. Accessed: 2024-09--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/829514.830535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Thomson and Cory Benfield. 2022. HTTP\/2. RFC 9113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC9113","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e9dric Villani et al. 2009. Optimal transport: old and new. Vol. 338. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71050-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"W3Techs. 2024. HTTP\/3 - Usage Statistics of HTTP\/3 for Websites. https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-http3 Accessed: 2024-01--21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"The Second USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce Proceedings","volume":"1","author":"Wagner David","year":"1996","unstructured":"David Wagner, Bruce Schneier, et al. 1996. Analysis of the SSL 3.0 protocol. In The Second USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce Proceedings, Vol. 1. 29--40."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 14)","author":"Wang Tao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tao Wang, Xiang Cai, Rishab Nithyanand, Rob Johnson, and Ian Goldberg. 2014. Effective attacks and provable defenses for website fingerprinting. In 23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 14). 143--157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2016-0027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 17)","author":"Wang Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tao Wang and Ian Goldberg. 2017. {Walkie-Talkie}: An efficient defense against passive website fingerprinting attacks. In 26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 17). 1375--1390."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia. 2024. HTTP pipelining. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTTP_pipelining Accessed: 2024-09--30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","article-title":"On inferring application protocol behaviors in encrypted network traffic","volume":"7","author":"Wright Charles V","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charles V Wright, Fabian Monrose, and Gerald M Masson. 2006. On inferring application protocol behaviors in encrypted network traffic. Journal of Machine Learning Research 7, 12 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01214-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3603165.3607437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24)","author":"Xue Diwen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diwen Xue, Michalis Kallitsis, Amir Houmansadr, and Roya Ensafi. 2024. Fingerprinting Obfuscated Proxy Traffic with Encapsulated {TLS} Handshakes. In 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). 2689--2706."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC46108.2020.9045315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3690211"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '25: The ACM Web Conference 2025","location":"Sydney NSW Australia","acronym":"WWW '25","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3696410.3714578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3696410.3714578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:18:33Z","timestamp":1750295913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3696410.3714578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3696410.3714578","10.1145\/3696410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3696410.3714578","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}