{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T21:47:35Z","timestamp":1764020855223,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":72,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714785","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T22:57:28Z","timestamp":1745362648000},"page":"751-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["GL2GPU: Accelerating WebGL Applications via Dynamic API Translation to WebGPU"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4846-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weichen","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3061-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruibo","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2851-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2011. HTML5 Games 0.1: Speedy Sprites. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/2011\/01\/26\/web\/html5-games-0--1-speedy-sprites\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2017. TheWebGL Aquarium. https:\/\/webglsamples.org\/aquarium\/README.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2019. About MotionMark. https:\/\/browserbench.org\/MotionMark\/about.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2020. Compiling Machine Learning to WASM and WebGPU with Apache TVM. https:\/\/tvm.apache.org\/2020\/05\/14\/compiling-machine-learning-towebassembly- and-webgpu"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2021. WebGPU computations performance in comparison to WebGL. https:\/\/pixelscommander.com\/javascript\/webgpu-computations-performancein-comparison-to-webgl\/ Section: JavaScript."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"2023. babylonjs. https:\/\/www.babylonjs.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"2024. webpack. https:\/\/webpack.js.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2016. Image comparison algorithm for unit testing. Stack Overflow. https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/questions\/37694001\/image-comparisonalgorithm- for-unit-testing Accessed: 2024--10-07."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Apple. 2014. Metal Overview Apple Developer. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/metal\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2312.11729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627377.3627397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhiqin Chen Thomas Funkhouser Peter Hedman and Andrea Tagliasacchi. 2023. MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architectures. In 2023 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 16569--16578. doi:10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01590","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.03.281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/PGV.20221067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"OpenWPM: An automated platform for web privacy measurement. Manuscript. March","author":"Englehardt Steven","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steven Englehardt, Chris Eubank, Peter Zimmerman, Dillon Reisman, and Arvind Narayanan. 2015. OpenWPM: An automated platform for web privacy measurement. Manuscript. March (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611314.3616063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Facebook. 2014. JSGameBench GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/facebookarchive\/jsgamebench"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3634737.3637648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGI54032.2021.9655285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Figuro. 2023. Figuro. https:\/\/www.figuro.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emil Fransson Jonatan Hermansson and Yan Hu. 2024. A Comparison of Performance onWebGPU andWebGL in the Godot Game Engine. In 2024 IEEE Gaming Entertainment and Media Conference (GEM). 1--6. doi:10.1109\/GEM61861.2024.10585437","DOI":"10.1109\/GEM61861.2024.10585437"},{"volume-title":"Designing a Modern High-Level Graphics API. Master's thesis","author":"Galajda Roman","key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Roman Galajda. 2020. Designing a Modern High-Level Graphics API. Master's thesis. Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (F3), Department of Computer Graphics and Interaction, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Epic Games. 2023. Unreal Engine. https:\/\/www.unrealengine.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3634737.3656283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Google. 2023. ANGLE. https:\/\/angleproject.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98886-9_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Khronos Group","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khronos Group. 2023. OpenGL. Retrieved March 14, 2023 from https:\/\/www.opengl.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Khronos Group. 2024.WebGL 1.0. https:\/\/registry.khronos.org\/webgl\/specs\/1.0.3\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yudong Han. 2024. GL_vs_VK-Web: Port of GL_vs_VK benchmark to the Web platform. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14776317","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14776317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"HansKristian-Work. 2023. Vkd3d. https:\/\/github.com\/HansKristian-Work\/vkd3dproton."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611314.3615917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3327193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2407.01023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643832.3661892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Yizhou Jiang Yang Gu Jiajie Hu and Jiawei Shao. 2021. Github - WebAtIntel\/ Aquarium. Online. https:\/\/github.com\/webatintel\/aquarium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"The OpenGL Shading Language","volume":"4","author":"Kessenich John","year":"2016","unstructured":"John Kessenich, Dave Baldwin, and Randi Rost. 2016. The OpenGL Shading Language, Language Version 4.50. https:\/\/www.opengl.org\/registry\/doc\/GLSLangSpec.4.50.pdf Pages 85--90.","journal-title":"Language Version"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Khronos. 2016. Khronos Releases Vulkan 1.0 Specification. https:\/\/www.khronos. org\/news\/press\/khronos-releases-vulkan-1-0-specification"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Khronos. 2023. MoltenVK. https:\/\/github.com\/KhronosGroup\/MoltenVK"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Khronos. 2023. OpenGL ES Overview The Khronos Group Inc. https:\/\/www. khronos.org\/opengles\/"},{"volume-title":"The art of computer programming","author":"Knuth Donald Ervin","key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Donald Ervin Knuth. 1997. The art of computer programming. Vol. 3. Pearson Education."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/99583.99599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597926.3598095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3575750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Visual Omics: a web-based platform for omics data analysis and visualization with rich graph-tuning capabilities. Bioinformatics 39, 1","author":"Li Heng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heng Li, Mijuan Shi, Keyi Ren, Lei Zhang, Weidong Ye, Wanting Zhang, Yingyin Cheng, and Xiao-Qin Xia. 2023. Visual Omics: a web-based platform for omics data analysis and visualization with rich graph-tuning capabilities. Bioinformatics 39, 1 (2023), btac777."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3618257.3624833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3366954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"MDN. 2024. GPURenderBundle - Web APIs | MDN. https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/docs\/Web\/API\/GPURenderBundle."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"MDN. 2024. WebGPU API | MDN. https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/docs\/Web\/API\/WebGPU_API"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2015. Windows 10 and DirectX 12 released. https:\/\/devblogs.microsoft. com\/directx\/windows-10-and-directx-12-released\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Photopea. 2023. Photopea. https:\/\/www.photopea.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Playcanvas. 2023. Playcanvas. https:\/\/playcanvas.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Poki. 2014. Poki. https:\/\/poki.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2024.106005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"RippeR37. 2022. GL_vs_VK: Benchmark for comparing OpenGL and Vulkan performance. https:\/\/github.com\/RippeR37\/GL_vs_VK"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 12)","author":"Roesner Franziska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franziska Roesner, Tadayoshi Kohno, and David Wetherall. 2012. Detecting and defending against Third-Party tracking on the web. In 9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 12). USENIX Association, 155--168."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2015.7372658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"JavaScript Zero: Real JavaScript and Zero Side-Channel Attacks","volume":"18","author":"Schwarz Michael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, and Daniel Gruss. 2018. JavaScript Zero: Real JavaScript and Zero Side-Channel Attacks.. In NDSS, Vol. 18. 12.","journal-title":"NDSS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Silicon Graphics Inc. 1996. The OpenGL Graphics System Diagram. Online. http:\/\/www-evasion.imag.fr\/Membres\/Fabrice.Neyret\/doc\/diagram.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Smartdraw. 2023. Smartdraw. https:\/\/www.smartdraw.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSWIS.321751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research","volume":"327","author":"Tangemann Matthias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matthias Tangemann, Steffen Schneider, Julius Von K\u00fcgelgen, Francesco Locatello, Peter Vincent Gehler, Thomas Brox, Matthias Kuemmerer, Matthias Bethge, and Bernhard Sch\u00f6lkopf. 2023. Unsupervised Object Learning via Common Fate. In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 213), Mihaela van der Schaar, Cheng Zhang, and Dominik Janzing (Eds.). PMLR, 281--327. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v213\/tangemann23a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Claburn Thomas. 2017. Web-standards-allergic Apple unveils WebGPU a web graphics standard. https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2017\/02\/08\/apple_webgpu\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Unity. 2023. Unity. https:\/\/unity.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2405.07124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"W3C. 2021. WebGPU. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/webgpu\/"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '25: The ACM Web Conference 2025","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"],"location":"Sydney NSW Australia","acronym":"WWW '25"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3696410.3714785","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3696410.3714785","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:18:41Z","timestamp":1750295921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3696410.3714785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3696410.3714785","10.1145\/3696410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3696410.3714785","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}