{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:20:09Z","timestamp":1778948409384,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":55,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3699538.3699558","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T20:49:22Z","timestamp":1731530962000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New Perspectives on the Future of Computing Education: Teaching and Learning Explanatory Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"H\u00f6per","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amina Adadi and Mohammed Berrada. 2018. Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). IEEE Access 6 (2018) 52138\u201352160. 10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870052","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alejandro Barredo\u00a0Arrieta Natalia D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez Javier Del\u00a0Ser Adrien Bennetot Siham Tabik Alberto Barbado Salvador Garcia Sergio Gil-Lopez Daniel Molina Richard Benjamins Raja Chatila and Francisco Herrera. 2020. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts Taxonomies Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI. Information Fusion 58 (2020) 82\u2013115. 10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630950"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mordechai Ben-Ari and Tzippora Yeshno. 2006. Conceptual Models of Software Artifacts. Interacting with Computers 18 6 (2006) 1336\u20131350. 10.1016\/j.intcom.2006.03.005 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1016\/j.intcom.2006.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali Borji. 2023. Stochastic Parrots or Intelligent Systems? A Perspective on True Depth of Understanding in LLMs. 10.2139\/ssrn.4507038","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4507038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e9bastien Bubeck Varun Chandrasekaran Ronen Eldan Johannes Gehrke Eric Horvitz Ece Kamar Peter Lee Yin\u00a0Tat Lee Yuanzhi Li Scott Lundberg Harsha Nori Hamid Palangi Marco\u00a0Tulio Ribeiro and Yi Zhang. 2023. Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early Experiments with GPT-4. 10.48550\/ARXIV.2303.12712","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2303.12712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jenna Burrell. 2016. How the Machine \u2018Thinks\u2019: Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms. Big Data & Society 3 1 (2016) 1\u201312. 10.1177\/2053951715622512","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715622512"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lorena Casal-Otero Alejandro Catala Carmen Fern\u00e1ndez-Morante Maria Taboada Beatriz Cebreiro and Sen\u00e9n Barro. 2023. AI Literacy in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of STEM Education 10 1 (2023) 29. 10.1186\/s40594-023-00418-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-023-00418-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anne-Marie Cederqvist. 2020. Pupils\u2019 Ways of Understanding Programmed Technological Solutions When Analysing Structure and Function. Education and Information Technologies 25 2 (2020) 1039\u20131065. 10.1007\/s10639-019-10006-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-10006-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203154472.ch22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0K. Coll Bev France and Ian Taylor. 2005. The Role of Models\/and Analogies in Science Education: Implications from Research. International Journal of Science Education 27 2 (2005) 183\u2013198. 10.1080\/0950069042000276712","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069042000276712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeroen de Ridder. 2006. Mechanistic Artefact Explanation. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 37 1 (2006) 81\u201396. 10.1016\/j.shpsa.2005.12.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2005.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/13375.003.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benedict Du\u00a0Boulay Tim O\u2019Shea and John Monk. 1999. The Black Box inside the Glass Box: Presenting Computing Concepts to Novices. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51 2 (1999) 265\u2013277. 10.1006\/ijhc.1981.0309 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1006\/ijhc.1981.0309","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1981.0309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6091-900-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3437800.3439202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ronald\u00a0N. Giere. 2009. An Agent-Based Conception of Models and Scientific Representation. Synthese 172 2 (2009) 269. 10.1007\/s11229-009-9506-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-009-9506-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Julia Gouvea and Cynthia Passmore. 2017. \u2019Models of\u2019 versus \u2019Models for\u2019: Toward an Agent-Based Conception of Modeling in the Science Classroom. Science & Education 26 1 (2017) 49\u201363. 10.1007\/s11191-017-9884-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-017-9884-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ileana\u00a0Maria Greca and Marco\u00a0Antonio Moreira. 2000. Mental Models Conceptual Models and Modelling. International Journal of Science Education 22 1 (2000) 1\u201311. 10.1080\/095006900289976","DOI":"10.1080\/095006900289976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christiane Gresse Von\u00a0Wangenheim Jean C.\u00a0R. Hauck Fernando\u00a0S. Pacheco and Matheus\u00a0F. Bertonceli\u00a0Bueno. 2021. Visual Tools for Teaching Machine Learning in K-12: A Ten-Year Systematic Mapping. Education and Information Technologies 26 5 (2021) 5733\u20135778. 10.1007\/s10639-021-10570-8 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10570-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10570-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Gunning Mark Stefik Jaesik Choi Timothy Miller Simone Stumpf and Guang-Zhong Yang. 2019. XAI\u2014Explainable Artificial Intelligence. Science Robotics 4 37 (2019) eaay7120. 10.1126\/scirobotics.aay7120","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay7120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lukas H\u00f6per and Carsten Schulte. 2024. Empowering Students for the Data-Driven World: A Qualitative Study of the Relevance of Learning about Data-Driven Technologies. Informatics in Education 23 3 (2024) 593\u2013624. 10.15388\/infedu.2024.19","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2024.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3632620.3671118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","series-title":"Cognitive Science Series","volume-title":"Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness (6. print ed.)","author":"Johnson-Laird Philip\u00a0Nicholas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0Nicholas Johnson-Laird. 1995. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness (6. print ed.). Number\u00a06 in Cognitive Science Series. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466725.3466728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A.\u00a0D.\u00a0I. Kramer J.\u00a0E. Guillory and J.\u00a0T. Hancock. 2014. Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 24 (2014) 8788\u20138790. 10.1073\/pnas.1412583111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412583111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter Kroes. 1998. Technological Explanations: The Relation between Structure and Function of Technological Objects. Society for Philosophy and Technology Quarterly Electronic Journal 3 3 (1998) 124\u2013134. 10.5840\/techne19983325","DOI":"10.5840\/techne19983325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shalom Lappin. 2024. Assessing the Strengths and Weaknesses of Large Language Models. Journal of Logic Language and Information 33 1 (2024) 9\u201320. 10.1007\/s10849-023-09409-x https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1007\/s10849-023-09409-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10849-023-09409-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zachary\u00a0C. Lipton. 2018. The Mythos of Model Interpretability. Commun. ACM 61 10 (2018) 36\u201343. 10.1145\/3233231https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3233231","DOI":"10.1145\/3233231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571785.3574125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bernd Mahr. 2009. Information Science and the Logic of Models. Software & Systems Modeling 8 3 (2009) 365\u2013383. 10.1007\/s10270-009-0119-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-009-0119-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erik Marx Thiemo Leonhardt and Nadine Bergner. 2023. Secondary School Students\u2019 Mental Models and Attitudes Regarding Artificial Intelligence - A Scoping Review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 5 (2023) 100169. 10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhagya Munasinghe Tim Bell and Anthony Robins. 2023. Computational Thinking and Notional Machines: The Missing Link. ACM Transactions on Computing Education 23 4 (2023) 1\u201327. 10.1145\/3627829https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627829","DOI":"10.1145\/3627829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Mental Models (1 ed.)","author":"Norman Donald\u00a0A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Donald\u00a0A. Norman. 1983. Some Observations on Mental Models. In Mental Models (1 ed.), Dedre Gentner and Albert\u00a0L. Stevens (Eds.). Psychology Press, New York, 7\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jonathan Osborne. 2014. Teaching Scientific Practices: Meeting the Challenge of Change. Journal of Science Teacher Education 25 2 (2014) 177\u2013196. 10.1007\/s10972-014-9384-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10972-014-9384-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7654-8_36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simon Portegies\u00a0Zwart. 2018. Computational Astrophysics for the Future. Science 361 6406 (2018) 979\u2013980. 10.1126\/science.aau3206","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau3206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iyad Rahwan Manuel Cebrian Nick Obradovich Josh Bongard Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Bonnefon Cynthia Breazeal Jacob\u00a0W. Crandall Nicholas\u00a0A. Christakis Iain\u00a0D. Couzin Matthew\u00a0O. Jackson Nicholas\u00a0R. Jennings Ece Kamar Isabel\u00a0M. Kloumann Hugo Larochelle David Lazer Richard McElreath Alan Mislove David\u00a0C. Parkes Alex\u00a0\u2018Sandy\u2019 Pentland Margaret\u00a0E. Roberts Azim Shariff Joshua\u00a0B. Tenenbaum and Michael Wellman. 2019. Machine Behaviour. Nature 568 7753 (2019) 477\u2013486. 10.1038\/s41586-019-1138-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1138-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saman Rizvi Jane Waite and Sue Sentence. 2023. Artificial Intelligence Teaching and Learning in K-12 from 2019 to 2022: A Systematic Literature Review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 4 (2023) 100145. 10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1404520.1404535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3279720.3279733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","first-page":"2503","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015)","author":"Sculley D","year":"2015","unstructured":"D Sculley, Gary Holt, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Crespo, and Dan Dennison. 2015. Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015), C.\u00a0Cortes, N.\u00a0Lawrence, D.\u00a0Lee, M.\u00a0Sugiyama, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.), Vol.\u00a028. Curran Associates, Inc., Montreal Canada, 2503\u20132511."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"AI, Data Science, and Young People. Understanding Computing Education (Vol 3)","author":"Sentance Sue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sue Sentance and Jane Waite. 2022. Perspectives on AI and Data Science Education. In AI, Data Science, and Young People. Understanding Computing Education (Vol 3). Raspberry Pi Foundation, Cambridge, UK, 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juha Sorva. 2013. Notional Machines and Introductory Programming Education. ACM Transactions on Computing Education 13 2 (2013) 1\u201331. 10.1145\/2483710.2483713https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2483710.2483713","DOI":"10.1145\/2483710.2483713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3488042.3488053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matti Tedre and Erkki Sutinen. 2008. Three Traditions of Computing: What Educators Should Know. Computer Science Education 18 3 (2008) 153\u2013170. 10.1080\/08993400802332332","DOI":"10.1080\/08993400802332332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matti Tedre Tapani Toivonen Juho Kahila Henriikka Vartiainen Teemu Valtonen Ilkka Jormanainen and Arnold Pears. 2021. Teaching Machine Learning in K\u201312 Classroom: Pedagogical and Technological Trajectories for Artificial Intelligence Education. IEEE Access 9 (2021) 110558\u2013110572. 10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097962","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","unstructured":"Zeynep Tufekci. 2015. Algorithmic Harms beyond Facebook and Google: Emergent Challenges of Computational Agency. Colorado Technology Law Journal 13 2 (2015) 203\u2013218."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30255-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pieter\u00a0E. Vermaas and Wybo Houkes. 2006. Technical Functions: A Drawbridge between the Intentional and Structural Natures of Technical Artefacts. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 37 1 (2006) 5\u201318. 10.1016\/j.shpsa.2005.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3311927.3323139"}],"event":{"name":"Koli Calling '24: 24th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","location":"Koli Finland","acronym":"Koli Calling '24"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 24th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3699538.3699558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3699538.3699558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:09:52Z","timestamp":1750295392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3699538.3699558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3699538.3699558","10.1145\/3699538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3699538.3699558","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}