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However, limitations of current tracking mechanisms - line-of-sight occlusion, drifting errors, small working volumes, or instrumentation that requires maintenance - ultimately restrict their adoption. This paper introduces MagDesk, an interactive tabletop workspace capable of real-time 3D tracking of passive magnets embedded in objects. Using a sensing array of 112 low-cost magnetometers underneath a table, our custom-designed signal processing and localization engine enables simultaneous tracking of multiple magnets in 5 degrees of freedom with millimeter accuracy. MagDesk can continuously and robustly track magnets at a maximum height of 600 mm over a 1750 mm (L) \u00d7 950 mm (W) table, while achieving an average positional and orientational error of 2.49 mm and 0.72 \u00b0 near the table surface and 14.40 mm and 2.25\u00b0 across the entire sensing range. To demonstrate MagDesk's object-tracking capabilities, this work presents a series of magnetic widgets for tangible interactions and explores two applications - a 3D drawing interface and augmented-reality tabletop games. By instrumenting a regular table surface, MagDesk presents a low-cost and accurate approach to 3D tracking passive objects for home and office environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3699756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T12:23:32Z","timestamp":1732191812000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["MagDesk: Interactive Tabletop Workspace Based on Passive Magnetic Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3404-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasha","family":"Iravantchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5223-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanson P.","family":"Sample","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"d.]. 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