{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:39:33Z","timestamp":1783391973759,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Distrib. Ledger Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Blockchain technology is acclaimed for eliminating the need for a central authority while ensuring stability, security, and immutability. However, its integration into Internet of Things (IoT) environments is hampered by the limited computational resources of IoT devices. Consensus algorithms, vital for blockchain safety and efficiency, often require substantial computational power and face challenges related to security, scalability, and resource demands. To address these critical issues, we propose a novel model that significantly enhances the security and performance of blockchain in IoT environments. Our model introduces three key innovations: (1) a bidirectional-linked blockchain system that strengthens security against long-range attacks by exploiting dual reference points for block validation; (2) the integration of user preferences into the Committee Member Auction (CMA) consensus algorithm, optimizing miner selection to balance resource efficiency with security; and (3) a comprehensive performance and frequency analysis that demonstrates the system\u2019s resilience against double-spend, long-range, and eclipse attacks. The proposed model not only reduces block validation delays but also enhances overall system performance, as evidenced by simulations comparing its effectiveness with existing CMA algorithms. These advancements have the potential to significantly impact the deployment of blockchain in resource-constrained IoT environments, offering a more secure and efficient solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3700149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T11:09:48Z","timestamp":1729076988000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toward Scalable and Secure Blockchain in Internet of Things: A Preference-Driven Committee Member Auction Consensus Approach"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0246-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshaya","family":"Mathur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Barati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagangeet Singh","family":"Aujla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318265.3318289"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","unstructured":"Leo Maxim Bach Branko Mihaljevic and Mario Zagar. 2018. Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. In 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO) 1545\u20131550."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113385"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masoud Barati Gagangeet Singh Aujla Jose Tomas Llanos Kwabena Adu Duodu Omer F. Rana Madeline Carr and Rajiv Ranjan. 2021. Privacy-aware cloud auditing for GDPR compliance verification in online healthcare. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 18 (2021) 4808\u20134819.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3100152"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492323.3495626"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masoud Barati and Omer Rana. 2021. Privacy-aware cloud ecosystems: Architecture and performance. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 33 (2021) e5852.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5852"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2019.00024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64798-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nir Bitansky. 2020. Verifiable random functions from non-interactive witness-indistinguishable proofs. Journal of Cryptology 33 (2020) 459\u2013493.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-019-09331-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haris Aziz P\u00e9ter Bir\u00f3 Ronald de Haan and Baharak Rastegari. 2019. Pareto optimal allocation under uncertain preferences: Uncertainty models algorithms and complexity. Artificial Intelligence 276 (2019) 57\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2019.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13489-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arthur Gervais Ghassan O. Karame Karl W\u00fcst Vasileios Glykantzis Hubert Ritzdorf and Srdjan Capkun. 2016. On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security 3\u201316.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4946"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2018.8433150"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","unstructured":"Ethan Heilman Alison Kendler Aviv Zohar and Sharon Goldberg. 2015. Eclipse attacks on Bitcoin\u2019s peer-to-peer network. In 24th USENIX Security Symposium 129\u2013144."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","unstructured":"Ethan Heilman Alison Kendler Aviv Zohar and Sharon Goldberg. 2015. Eclipse attacks on {Bitcoin\u2019s} {peer-to-peer} network. In 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security \u201915) 129\u2013144."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Hu B. Yan Y. Han and J. Yu. 2021. An improved delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm. Procedia Computer Science 187 (2021) 341\u20133468. DOI: 10.1016\/j.procs.2021.04.109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.04.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xumin Huang Dongdong Ye Rong Yu and Lei Shu. 2020. Securing parked vehicle assisted fog computing with blockchain and optimal smart contract design. IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 7 (2020) 426\u2013441.","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. K. Al Hwaitat M. A. Almaiah A. Ali S. Al-Otaibi R. Shishakly A. Lutfi and M. Alrawad. 2023. A new blockchain-based authentication framework for secure IoT networks. Electronics 12 (2023) 25 pages. DOI: 10.3390\/electronics12173618","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12173618"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Kashif and K. Kalkan. 2024. EPIoT: Enhanced privacy preservation based blockchain mechanism for Internet-of-Things. Computer Networks 238 (2024) 110107. DOI: 10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.110107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.110107"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860869-6\/50035-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaolei Li Mianxiong Dong Laurence T. Yang Kaoru Ota Jun Wu and Jianhua Li. 2020. Preserving edge knowledge sharing among IoT services: A blockchain-based approach. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence 4 (2020) 653\u2013665.","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2019.2952587"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. A. Memos K. E. Psannis Y. Ishibashi B.-G. Kim and B. B. Gupta. 2018. An efficient algorithm for media-based surveillance system (EAMSuS) in IoT smart city framework. Future Generation Computer Systems 83 (2018) 619\u2013628. DOI: 10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3286978.3287019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mingxiao Ma Xiaofeng Zhang Zhe Wang Xiangwei and Chen Qijun. 2017. A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC \u201917) 2567\u20132572.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8123011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_1","first-page":"10736","article-title":"Double-spend counter-attacks: Threat of retaliation in proof-of-work systems","volume":"0","author":"Moroz Daniel J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daniel J. Moroz, Daniel J. Aronoff, Neha Narula, and David C. Parkes. 2020. Double-spend counter-attacks: Threat of retaliation in proof-of-work systems. Cryptoeconomic Systems 0 (2020), 10736.","journal-title":"Cryptoeconomic Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_1","volume":"4","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, Vol. 4. Decentralized Business Review. DOI: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf.","journal-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristina P\u00e9rez-Sol\u00e0 Sergi Delgado-Segura Guillermo Navarro-Arribas and Jordi Herrera-Joancomart\u00ed. 2019. Double-spending prevention for Bitcoin zero-confirmation transactions. Springer-Verlag 18 (2019) 451\u2013463.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-018-0422-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_1","unstructured":"Minfeng Qi Ziyuan Wang Qing-Long Han Jun Zhang Shiping Chen and Yang Xiang. 2022. Privacy protection for blockchain-based healthcare IoT systems: A survey. IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica11 (2022) 1\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alejandro Ranchal-Pedrosa and Vincent Gramoli. 2019. Platypus: Offchain protocol without synchrony. In 2019 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA \u201919) 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2019.8935037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS50562.2020.9162950"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maninder Pal Singh Gagangeet Aujla and Rasmeet Bali. 2022. Derived blockchain architecture for security-conscious data dissemination in edge-envisioned Internet of Drones ecosystem. Cluster Computing 25 (2022) 2281\u20132302.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-021-03497-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Wang S. Ai J. Cao and Y. Zhao. 2023. A blockchain-based distributed computational resource trading strategy for Internet of Things considering multiple preferences. Symmetry 15 (2023) 21 pages. DOI: 10.3390\/sym15040808","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15040808"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chenhao Xu Youyang Qu Tom H. Luan Peter W. Eklund Yong Xiang and Longxiang Gao. 2021. A lightweight and attack-proof bidirectional blockchain paradigm for Internet of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9 (2021) 4371\u20134384.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3103275"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guangquan Xu Bingjiang Guo Chunhua Su Xi Zheng Kaitai Liang Duncan S. Wong and Hao Wang. 2020. Am I eclipsed? A smart detector of eclipse attacks for Ethereum. Computers & Security 88 (2020) 249\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101604"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123450"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peiyun Zhang and Mengchu Zhou. 2020. Security and Trust in Blockchains: Architecture Key Technologies and Open Issues. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 7 (2020) 790\u2013801.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.2990103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PeiYun Zhang MengChu Zhou QiXi Zhao Abdullah Abusorrah and Omaimah O. Bamasag. 2021. A performance-optimized consensus mechanism for consortium blockchains consisting of trust-varying nodes. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering 8 (2021) 2147\u20132159.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3079415"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shijie Zhang and Jong-Hyouk Lee. 2019. Eclipse-based stake-bleeding attacks in PoS blockchain systems. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure 67\u201372.","DOI":"10.1145\/3327960.3332391"}],"container-title":["Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3700149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1760089270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3700149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3700149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3700149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-6480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-6480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}