{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:19:24Z","timestamp":1778275164379,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1948517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1948517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Shared gaze, where collaborators can see each other's point of gaze visualized on their screen in real time, is a novel non-verbal mechanism that augments remote collaborations and increases shared awareness and common grounding. While past studies have focused on well-structured tasks and analyzed task performance and efficiency, our study explores the domain of collaborative drawing for recreational purposes and focuses on collaborators' own perceptions. We surveyed 75 users of online collaborative drawing platforms who mostly drew collaboratively for recreation and artistic growth; they reported the importance of communication but also of retaining individual space despite the collaborative setting. Informed by this and prior research on shared gaze, we evaluate collaboration by allowing two collaborators to draw synchronously on a shared canvas and share their point of gaze. We conducted a study with 24 pairs that drew collaboratively under all combinations of shared gaze and voice communication. Combining voice and shared gaze was perceived to reach the best balance between tightly coupled collaboration and parallel individual execution. Shared gaze led to higher spatial awareness and less turn-taking was observed in conditions that shared gaze was present. Surprisingly, many participants found the lack of any communication medium to afford the highest degree of divergent thinking. Our findings provide guidelines for adaptive tools that consider individual preferences as well as the nature of the task to better support remote collaborations that are open-ended and prize creativity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3701196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T16:06:46Z","timestamp":1736525206000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["EyeDraw: Investigating the Perceived Effects of Shared Gaze on Remote Collaborative Drawing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2568-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eryn","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College &amp; Carnegie Mellon University, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6597-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priya","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5436-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7744-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Marsano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4263-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0543-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4799-8023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Tiangco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3453-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1041-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Papoutsaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838158709386656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"TeresaMAmabile. 2011. Componential theory of creativity. Harvard Business School Boston MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity","unstructured":"TeresaMAmabile. 2018. Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051768"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Bodily communication","author":"Argyle Michael","unstructured":"Michael Argyle. 2013. Bodily communication. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007125000073980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"The central Europe experiment: Looking at persons and looking at objects. Environmental psychology and nonverbal behavior 1","author":"Argyle Michael","year":"1976","unstructured":"Michael Argyle and Jean Ann Graham. 1976. The central Europe experiment: Looking at persons and looking at objects. Environmental psychology and nonverbal behavior 1 (1976), 6--16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Kregg John Aytes. 1993. An empirical investigation of collaborative drawing tools. (1993). https:\/\/repository.arizona.edu\/handle\/10150\/186306 Publisher: The University of Arizona."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":"36","author":"Belenky Daniel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daniel Belenky, Michael Ringenberg, Jennifer Olsen, Vincent Aleven, and Nikol Rummel. 2014. Using Dual Eye-Tracking to Evaluate Students' Collaboration with an Intelligent Tutoring System for Elementary-Level Fractions. In Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Vol. 36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/62266.62286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-020-0422-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2617588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Grounding in communication. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition","author":"Clark Herbert H","year":"1991","unstructured":"Herbert H Clark and Susan E Brennan. 1991. Grounding in communication. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (1991), 127--149."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238340"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwcomp\/iwab015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Coding and modelling communication in architectural collaborative design. Automation in construction 11, 2","author":"Gabriel Gerard Cesar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gerard Cesar Gabriel and Mary Lou Maher. 2002. Coding and modelling communication in architectural collaborative design. Automation in construction 11, 2 (2002), 199--211."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X04269589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/63675"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2593778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021271517844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Pamela Hinds and Sara Kiesler. 2002. DistributedWork. MITPress. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=3aAwmlgC7YMC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jengtecman.2007.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2023.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. Acta psychologica 26","author":"Kendon Adam","year":"1967","unstructured":"Adam Kendon. 1967. Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. Acta psychologica 26 (1967), 22--63."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-018--9324--2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Gaze and eye contact: a research review. Psychological bulletin 100, 1 (July","author":"Kleinke Chris","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chris Kleinke. 1986. Gaze and eye contact: a research review. Psychological bulletin 100, 1 (July 1986), http:\/\/europepmc.org\/abstract\/MED\/3526377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Martin K\u00fcchler. 2010. Groupware devices that support gaze awareness and workspace awareness to improve remote collaboration. ETH Zurich."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication","author":"Mehrabian Albert","unstructured":"Albert Mehrabian. 2017. Nonverbal Communication. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326950DP3303_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1055084"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3--319--33261--1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00752438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11555261_61"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2018.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature 253, 5489","author":"Scaife Michael","year":"1975","unstructured":"Michael Scaife and Jerome S Bruner. 1975. The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature 253, 5489 (1975), 265--266."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Unpacking Collaborative Learning Processes During Hands-on Activities Using Mobile Eye-Trackers. 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2019 (June","author":"Schneider Bertrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bertrand Schneider. 2019. Unpacking Collaborative Learning Processes During Hands-on Activities Using Mobile Eye-Trackers. 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2019 (June 2019), 41--48. https:\/\/repository.isls.org\/\/handle\/1\/1597 Publisher: International Society of the Learning Sciences (ISLS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45001-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00749012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Visual augmentation of deictic gestures in MOOC videos","author":"Sharma Kshitij","unstructured":"Kshitij Sharma, Sarah D'Angelo, Darren Gergle, and Pierre Dillenbourg. 2016. Visual augmentation of deictic gestures in MOOC videos. Singapore: International Society of the Learning Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Shinichi Shiwa. 1991. A large-screen visual telecommunication device enabling eye contact. In Digest SID Int'l Symp. 327--328."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anna Shvarts and Dor Abrahamson. 2019. Dual-eye-tracking Vygotsky: A microgenetic account of a teaching\/learning collaboration in an embodied-interaction technological tutorial for mathematics. Learning Culture and Social Interaction 22 (Sept. 2019) 100316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lcsi.2019.05.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lcsi.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1565746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1027933.1027936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Individual creativity and group ability to utilize individual creative resources: A multilevel model","author":"Taggar Simon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Simon Taggar. 2002. Individual creativity and group ability to utilize individual creative resources: A multilevel model. Academy of management Journal 45, 2 (2002), 315--330."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90039-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/123078.128729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners. Vision research 49, 8","author":"Tchalenko John","year":"2009","unstructured":"John Tchalenko. 2009. Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners. Vision research 49, 8 (2009), 791--800."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/581710.581723"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Scripted collaborative drawing in elementary science education. Instructional science 42","author":"Dijk Van","year":"2014","unstructured":"AliekeMVan Dijk, Hannie Gijlers, and ArminWeinberger. 2014. Scripted collaborative drawing in elementary science education. Instructional science 42 (2014), 353--372."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","series-title":"Chandra Mouli Sugavanam, Amaresh Chakrabarti, Jonathan Corney, and AndrewWodehouse.","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICoRD","author":"Vasantha Gokula Annamalai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gokula Annamalai Vasantha, Hari Prakash Ramesh, Chandra Mouli Sugavanam, Amaresh Chakrabarti, Jonathan Corney, and AndrewWodehouse. 2017. Interactional differences and effects between collocated and distributed design. In Research into Design for Communities, Volume 1: Proceedings of ICoRD 2017. Springer, 933--944."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.3.2.02vel"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556--6978.2000.tb01245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028797"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2015.7357230"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2015.7357214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGSE.2017.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEmotion.2017.3"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3701196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3701196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T14:21:56Z","timestamp":1755872516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3701196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3701196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3701196","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}