{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:43:24Z","timestamp":1767858204071,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Power side-channel attacks exploit the correlation of power consumption with the instructions and data being processed to extract secrets from a device (e.g., cryptographic keys). Prior work primarily focused on protecting small embedded micro-controllers and in-order processors rather than high-performance, out-of-order desktop and server CPUs. In this article, we present\n            <jats:sc>Paradise<\/jats:sc>\n            , a general-purpose out-of-order processor with always-on protection, that implements a novel dynamic instruction scheduler to provide obfuscated execution and mitigate power analysis attacks. To achieve this, we exploit the time between operand availability of critical instructions (\n            <jats:italic>slack<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and create high-performance random schedules.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            Further, we highlight the dangers of using incorrect adversarial assumptions, which can often lead to a false sense of security. Therefore, we perform an extended security analysis on AES-128 using different levels of adversaries, from basic to advanced, including a convolution neural networks\u2013based attack. Our advanced security evaluation assumes a strong adversary with full knowledge of the countermeasure and demonstrates a significant security improvement of 556 \u00d7 when combined with Boolean Masking over a baseline only protected by masking and 62,500\u00d7 over an unprotected baseline. The resulting overhead in performance, power, and area of\n            <jats:sc>Paradise<\/jats:sc>\n            is 3.2%, 1.2%, and 0.8% respectively.\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"fn\">\n              <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:xref>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3701991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T10:11:59Z","timestamp":1730196719000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["PARADISE: Criticality-Aware Instruction Reordering for Power Attack Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Hajiabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2255-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Poussier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaswanth","family":"Tavva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Diavastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6903-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivam","family":"Bhasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temasek Laboratories @ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor E.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore School of Computing, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"AES-128. Retrieved September 04 2023 from https:\/\/github.com\/openluopworld\/aes_128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201918)","author":"Althoff Alric","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alric Althoff, Joseph McMahan, Luis Vega, Scott Davidson, Timothy Sherwood, Michael Taylor, and Ryan Kastner. 2018. Hiding intermittent information leakage with architectural support for blinking. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference (DAC\u201907)","author":"Ambrose Jude Angelo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jude Angelo Ambrose, Roshan G. Ragel, and Sri Parameswaran. 2007. RIJID: Random code injection to mask power analysis based side channel attacks. In Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference (DAC\u201907)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2345770.2345782","article-title":"Randomized instruction injection to counter power analysis attacks","author":"Ambrose Jude A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jude A. Ambrose, Roshan G. Ragel, and Sri Parameswaran. 2012. Randomized instruction injection to counter power analysis attacks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (2012).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Chipyard: Integrated design, simulation, and implementation framework for custom SoCs","author":"Amid Alon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alon Amid, David Biancolin, Abraham Gonzalez, Daniel Grubb, Sagar Karandikar, Harrison Liew, Albert Magyar, Howard Mao, Albert Ou, Nathan Pemberton, Paul Rigge, Colin Schmidt, John Wright, Jerry Zhao, Yakun Sophia Shao, Krste Asanovi\u0107, and Borivoje Nikoli\u0107. 2020. Chipyard: Integrated design, simulation, and implementation framework for custom SoCs. IEEE Micro (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201906)","author":"Archambeau C\u00e9dric","year":"2006","unstructured":"C\u00e9dric Archambeau, Eric Peeters, F.-X. Standaert, and J.-J. Quisquater. 2006. Template attacks in principal subspaces. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201906)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201920)","author":"F M. Arsath K","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Arsath K F, V. Ganesan, R. Bodduna, and C. Rebeiro. 2020. PARAM: A microprocessor hardened for power side-channel attack resistance. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Security Standardisation Research (SSR\u201920)","author":"Azouaoui Melissa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melissa Azouaoui et\u00a0al. 2020. A systematic appraisal of side channel evaluation strategies. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security Standardisation Research (SSR\u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Security of Ubiquitous Computing Systems","author":"Batina Lejla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lejla Batina, Milena Djukanovic, Annelie Heuser, and Stjepan Picek. 2021. It started with templates: The future of profiling in side-channel analysis. In Security of Ubiquitous Computing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","article-title":"Mutual information analysis: a comprehensive study","author":"Batina Lejla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lejla Batina, Benedikt Gierlichs, Emmanuel Prouff, Matthieu Rivain, Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert, and Nicolas Veyrat-Charvillon. 2011. Mutual information analysis: a comprehensive study. J. Cryptol. (2011).","journal-title":"J. Cryptol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","article-title":"An architecture-independent instruction shuffler to protect against side-channel attacks","author":"Bayrak Ali Galip","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali Galip Bayrak, Nikola Velickovic, Paolo Ienne, and Wayne Burleson. 2012. An architecture-independent instruction shuffler to protect against side-channel attacks. ACM Trans. Arch. Code Optimiz. (2012).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Arch. Code Optimiz."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference (DAC\u201915)","author":"Beaulieu Ray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ray Beaulieu, Douglas Shors, Jason Smith, Stefan Treatman-Clark, Bryan Weeks, and Louis Wingers. 2015. The SIMON and SPECK lightweight block ciphers. In Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference (DAC\u201915)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-019-00220-8","article-title":"Deep learning for side-channel analysis and introduction to ASCAD database","author":"Benadjila Ryad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryad Benadjila, Emmanuel Prouff, R\u00e9mi Strullu, Eleonora Cagli, and C\u00e9cile Dumas. 2020. Deep learning for side-channel analysis and introduction to ASCAD database. J. Cryptogr. Eng. (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cryptogr. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201904)","author":"Brier Eric","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eric Brier, Christophe Clavier, and Francis Olivier. 2004. Correlation power analysis with a leakage model. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201904)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201906)","author":"Bucci Marco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marco Bucci, Luca Giancane, Raimondo Luzzi, and Alessandro Trifiletti. 2006. Three-phase dual-rail pre-charge logic. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201906)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201917)","author":"Cagli Eleonora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eleonora Cagli, C\u00e9cile Dumas, and Emmanuel Prouff. 2017. Convolutional neural networks with data augmentation against jitter-based countermeasures. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201902)","author":"Chari Suresh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Suresh Chari, Josyula R. Rao, and Pankaj Rohatgi. 2002. Template attacks. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201902)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (AsiaCCS\u201924)","author":"Chowdhuryy Md. Hafizul Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Md. Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy, Zhenkai Zhang, and Fan Yao. 2024. PowSpectre: Powering up speculation attacks with tsx-based replay. In Proceedings of the Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (AsiaCCS\u201924)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Cryptographic Module Conference (ICMC\u201913)","author":"Cooper Jeremy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeremy Cooper, Elke DeMulder, Gilbert Goodwill, Joshua Jaffe, Gary Kenworthy, Pankaj Rohatgi, et\u00a0al. 2013. Test Vector Leakage Assessment (TVLA) methodology in practice. In Proceedings of the International Cryptographic Module Conference (ICMC\u201913)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201914)","author":"Coron Jean-S\u00e9bastien","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien Coron. 2014. Higher order masking of look-up tables. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201914)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","article-title":"Xoodyak, a lightweight cryptographic scheme","author":"Daemen Joan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joan Daemen, Seth Hoffert, Micha\u00ebl Peeters, G. Van Assche, and R. Van Keer. 2020. Xoodyak, a lightweight cryptographic scheme. IACR Trans. Symmetr. Cryptol. 2020, 1 (2020).","journal-title":"IACR Trans. Symmetr. Cryptol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","article-title":"ASNI: Attenuated Signature Noise Injection for low-overhead power side-channel attack immunity","author":"Das D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"D. Das, S. Maity, S. B. Nasir, S. Ghosh, A. Raychowdhury, and S. Sen. 2018. ASNI: Attenuated Signature Noise Injection for low-overhead power side-channel attack immunity. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I: Regul. Pap. (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I: Regul. Pap."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Meulemeester Jesse De","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jesse De Meulemeester, Antoon Purnal, Lennert Wouters, Arthur Beckers, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. 2023. SpectrEM: Exploiting electromagnetic emanations during transient execution. In Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201912)","author":"Demme J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Demme, R. Martin, A. Waksman, and S. Sethumadhavan. 2012. Side-channel vulnerability factor: A metric for measuring information leakage. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201912)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","article-title":"SMS4 encryption algorithm for wireless networks","author":"Diffie Whitfield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Whitfield Diffie and George Ledin. 2008. SMS4 encryption algorithm for wireless networks. Cryptol. ePrint Arch. (2008).","journal-title":"Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201916)","author":"Durvaux Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois Durvaux and Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert. 2016. From improved leakage detection to the detection of points of interests in leakage traces. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201901)","author":"Fields B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"B. Fields, S. Rubin, and R. Bodik. 2001. Focusing processor policies via critical-path prediction. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201901)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2019EDP7308","article-title":"A power analysis attack countermeasure based on random data path execution for CGRA","author":"GE Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei GE, Shenghua CHEN, Benyu LIU, Min ZHU, and Bo LIU. 2020. A power analysis attack countermeasure based on random data path execution for CGRA. IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. (2020).","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Gigerl Barbara et\u00a0al.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barbara et\u00a0al. Gigerl. 2021. Coco: Co-design and Co-verification of masked software implementations on CPUs. In Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NIST Non-Invasive Attack Testing Workshop","author":"Goodwill Benjamin Jun Gilbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benjamin Jun Gilbert Goodwill, Josh Jaffe, Pankaj Rohatgi, et\u00a0al. 2011. A testing methodology for side-channel resistance validation. In Proceedings of the NIST Non-Invasive Attack Testing Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS\u201910)","author":"Glorot Xavier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xavier Glorot and Yoshua Bengio. 2010. Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS\u201910)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","volume-title":"Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process","author":"Gorjan Alagic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alagic Gorjan, Alperin-Sheriff Jacob, Apon Daniel, Cooper David, Dang Quynh, Kelsey John, Liu Yi-Kai, Miller Carl, Moody Dustin, Peralta Rene, Perlner Ray, Robinson Angela, and Smith-Tone Daniel. 2020. Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201918)","author":"Grosso Vincent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vincent Grosso and Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert. 2018. Masking proofs are tight and how to exploit it in security evaluations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201911)","author":"G\u00fcneysu Tim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tim G\u00fcneysu and Amir Moradi. 2011. Generic side-channel countermeasures for reconfigurable devices. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201911)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE\u201914)","author":"Guntur Hendra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hendra Guntur, Jun Ishii, and Akashi Satoh. 2014. Side-channel attack user reference architecture board SAKURA-G. In Proceedings of the Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE\u201914)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the VLSI Test Symposium (VTS\u201919)","author":"He Miao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miao He, Jungmin Park, Adib Nahiyan, Apostol Vassilev, Yier Jin, and Mark Tehranipoor. 2019. RTL-PSC: Automated power side-channel leakage assessment at register-transfer level. In Proceedings of the VLSI Test Symposium (VTS\u201919)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","article-title":"ERIST: An Efficient Randomized Instruction Insertion Technique to Counter Side-channel Attacks","author":"He Zhangqing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhangqing He, Tianyong Ao, Meilin Wan, Kui Dai, and Xuecheng Zou. 2016. ERIST: An Efficient Randomized Instruction Insertion Technique to Counter Side-channel Attacks. IAENG Int. J. Comput. Sci. (2016).","journal-title":"IAENG Int. J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC\u201911)","author":"Hlavacs Helmut","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helmut Hlavacs, Thomas Treutner, Jean-Patrick Gelas, Laurent Lefevre, and Anne-Cecile Orgerie. 2011. Energy consumption side-channel attack at virtual machines in a cloud. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC\u201911)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","article-title":"AES-based security coprocessor IC in 0.18- \\(muhbox m\\)  CMOS with resistance to differential power analysis side-channel attacks","author":"Hwang David D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"David D. Hwang, Kris Tiri, Alireza Hodjat, B.-C. Lai, Shenglin Yang, Patrick Schaumont, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. 2006. AES-based security coprocessor IC in 0.18- \\(muhbox m\\) CMOS with resistance to differential power analysis side-channel attacks. IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. (2006).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"ISO. 2019. Information Technology\u2014Security Techniques\u2014Testing Methods for the Mitigation of Non-invasive Attack Classes against Cryptographic Modules. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso-iec:17825:ed-1:v1:en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC\u201917)","author":"Kar Monodeep","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monodeep Kar, Arvind Singh, Sanu Mathew, Anand Rajan, Vivek De, and Saibal Mukhopadhyay. 2017. Improved power-side-channel-attack resistance of an AES-128 core via a security-aware integrated buck voltage regulator. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC\u201916)","author":"Kar Monodeep","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monodeep Kar, Arvind Singh, Anand Rajan, Vivek De, and Saibal Mukhopadhyay. 2016. An integrated inductive VR with a 250MHz all-digital multisampled compensator and on-chip auto-tuning of coefficients in 130nm CMOS. In Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201918)","author":"Karandikar Sagar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sagar Karandikar, Howard Mao, Donggyu Kim, David Biancolin, Alon Amid, Dayeol Lee, Nathan Pemberton, Emmanuel Amaro, Colin Schmidt, Aditya Chopra, Qijing Huang, Kyle Kovacs, Borivoje Nikolic, Randy Katz, Jonathan Bachrach, and Krste Asanovi\u0107. 2018. FireSim: FPGA-accelerated cycle-exact scale-out system simulation in the public cloud. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Keysight. Keysight InfiniiVision DSOX3104T Oscilloscope. Retrieved May 22 2023 from https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/sg\/en\/product\/DSOX3104T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2017. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO\u201999)","author":"Kocher Paul","year":"1999","unstructured":"Paul Kocher, Joshua Jaffe, and Benjamin Jun. 1999. Differential power analysis. In Proceedings of the Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO\u201999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Kogler Andreas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andreas Kogler, Jonas Juffinger, Lukas Giner, Lukas Gerlach, Martin Schwarzl, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, and Stefan Mangard. 2023. Collide+Power: Leaking inaccessible data with software-based power side channels. In Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","article-title":"Power to peep-all: Inference attacks by malicious batteries on mobile devices.","author":"Lifshits Pavel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pavel Lifshits, Roni Forte, Yedid Hoshen, Matt Halpern, Manuel Philipose, Mohit Tiwari, and Mark Silberstein. 2018. Power to peep-all: Inference attacks by malicious batteries on mobile devices. Proc. Priv. Enhanc. Technol. (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Priv. Enhanc. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201921)","author":"Lipp Moritz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moritz Lipp, Andreas Kogler, David Oswald, Michael Schwarz, Catherine Easdon, Claudio Canella, and Daniel Gruss. 2021. PLATYPUS: Software-based power side-channel attacks on x86. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Adam Malamy Rajiv N. Patel and Norman M. Hayes. 1994. Methods and apparatus for implementing a pseudo-LRU cache memory replacement scheme with a locking feature. US Patent 5 353 425."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Cryptographers\u2019 Track at the RSA Conference","author":"Mangard Stefan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stefan Mangard. 2004. Hardware countermeasures against DPA\u2013a statistical analysis of their effectiveness. In Proceedings of the Cryptographers\u2019 Track at the RSA Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Power Analysis Attacks: Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards","author":"Mangard Stefan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stefan Mangard, Elisabeth Oswald, and Thomas Popp. 2008. Power Analysis Attacks: Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v008.i14","article-title":"Xorshift RNGs","author":"Marsaglia George","year":"2003","unstructured":"George Marsaglia. 2003. Xorshift RNGs. J. Stat. Softw. (2003).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES\u201921)","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez Macarena C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macarena C. Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez, Ignacio M. Delgado-Lozano, and Billy Bob Brumley. 2021. SoK: Remote power analysis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES\u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy","author":"May David","year":"2001","unstructured":"David May, Henk L. Muller, and Nigel P. Smart. 2001. Non-deterministic processors. In Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2451116.2451143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8369","volume-title":"Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process","author":"S\u00f6nmez Turan Meltem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turan Meltem S\u00f6nmez, McKay Kerry, Chang Donghoon, \u00c7al\u0131k \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f, Bassham Lawrence, Kang Jinkeon, and Kelsey John. 2021. Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","article-title":"Investigations of power analysis attacks on smartcards.","author":"Messerges Thomas S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thomas S. Messerges, Ezzy A. Dabbish, and Robert H. Sloan. 1999. Investigations of power analysis attacks on smartcards. Smartcard (1999).","journal-title":"Smartcard"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Theory of Implementation Security","author":"Moradi Amir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amir Moradi and Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert. 2016. Moments-correlating DPA. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Theory of Implementation Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE\u201910)","author":"Nassar Maxime","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maxime Nassar, Shivam Bhasin, Jean-Luc Danger, Guillaume Duc, and Sylvain Guilley. 2010. BCDL: A high speed balanced DPL for FPGA with global precharge and no early evaluation. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE\u201910)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC\u201904)","author":"Ors Siddika Berna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siddika Berna Ors, Frank Gurkaynak, Elisabeth Oswald, and Bart Preneel. 2004. Power-analysis attack on an ASIC AES implementation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC\u201904)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD\u201916)","author":"Patranabis S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. Patranabis, D. B. Roy, P. K. Vadnala, D. Mukhopadhyay, and S. Ghosh. 2016. Shuffling across rounds: A lightweight strategy to counter side-channel attacks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Security, Privacy, and Applied Cryptography Engineering (SPACE\u201918)","author":"Picek Stjepan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stjepan Picek, Ioannis Petros Samiotis, Jaehun Kim, Annelie Heuser, Shivam Bhasin, and Axel Legay. 2018. On the performance of convolutional neural networks for side-channel analysis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security, Privacy, and Applied Cryptography Engineering (SPACE\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74735-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201921)","author":"Pothukuchi Raghavendra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raghavendra Pothukuchi, Sweta Pothukuchi, Petros Voulgaris, Alex Schwing, and Josep Torrellas. 2021. Maya: Using formal control to obfuscate power side channels. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201916)","author":"Poussier Romain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romain Poussier, Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert, and Vincent Grosso. 2016. Simple key enumeration (and rank estimation) using histograms: An integrated approach. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","article-title":"Statistical analysis of second order differential power analysis","author":"Prouff Emmanuel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Emmanuel Prouff, Matthieu Rivain, and R\u00e9gis Bevan. 2009. Statistical analysis of second order differential power analysis. IEEE Trans. Comput. (2009).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Rane Ashay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashay Rane, Calvin Lin, and Mohit Tiwari. 2015. Raccoon: Closing Digital Side-Channels through Obfuscated Execution. In Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Cryptology Conference","author":"Reparaz Oscar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oscar Reparaz, Beg\u00fcl Bilgin, Svetla Nikova, Benedikt Gierlichs, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. 2015. Consolidating Masking Schemes. In Proceedings of the Annual Cryptology Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","article-title":"How to share a secret","author":"Shamir Adi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Adi Shamir. 1979. How to share a secret. Commun. ACM (1979).","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS\u201921)","author":"Shelton Madura A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madura A Shelton, \u0141ukasz Chmielewski, Niels Samwel, Markus Wagner, Lejla Batina, and Yuval Yarom. 2021. Rosita++: Automatic higher-order leakage elimination from cryptographic code. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS\u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS\u201921)","author":"Shelton Madura A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madura A. Shelton, Niels Samwel, Lejla Batina, Francesco Regazzoni, Markus Wagner, and Yuval Yarom. 2021. Rosita: Towards automatic elimination of power-analysis leakage in ciphers. In Proceedings of the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS\u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leslie N. Smith and Nicholay Topin. 2018. Super-convergence: Very fast training of neural networks using large learning rates. arXiv:1708.07120. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1708.07120","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2520589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","unstructured":"SMx Implementation. Retrieved May 15 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/NEWPLAN\/SMx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2005.61","article-title":"Design and analysis of dual-rail circuits for security applications","author":"Sokolov Danil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Danil Sokolov, Julian Murphy, Alexander Bystrov, and Alexandre Yakovlev. 2005. Design and analysis of dual-rail circuits for security applications. IEEE Trans. Comput. (2005).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS\u201918)","author":"Standaert Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert. 2018. How (not) to use welch\u2019s t-test in side-channel security evaluations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201909)","author":"Standaert Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert, Tal G. Malkin, and Moti Yung. 2009. A unified framework for the analysis of side-channel key recovery attacks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (Eurocrypt\u201909)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","unstructured":"Synopsys Design Compiler (DC). Retrieved May 15 2024 from https:\/\/www.synopsys.com\/implementation-and-signoff\/rtl-synthesis-test\/dc-ultra.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","unstructured":"Synopsys PrimePower. Retrieved May 15 2024 https:\/\/www.synopsys.com\/implementation-and-signoff\/signoff\/primepower.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","unstructured":"Synopsys VCS. Retrieved May 15 2024 from https:\/\/www.synopsys.com\/verification\/simulation\/vcs.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","unstructured":"The Berkeley Out-of-Order RISC-V Processor. Retrieved May 10 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/riscv-boom\/riscv-boom"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC\u201902)","author":"Tiri Kris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kris Tiri, Moonmoon Akmal, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. 2002. A dynamic and differential CMOS logic with signal independent power consumption to withstand differential power analysis on smart cards. In Proceedings of the European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC\u201902)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference-Digest of Technical Papers","author":"Tokunaga Carlos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlos Tokunaga and David Blaauw. 2009. Secure AES engine with a local switched-capacitor current equalizer. In Proceedings of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference-Digest of Technical Papers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD\u201917)","author":"Wang C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"C. Wang, M. Yan, Y. Cai, Q. Zhou, and J. Yang. 2017. Power profile equalizer: A lightweight countermeasure against side-channel attack. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","article-title":"Machine learning-resistant pseudo-random number generator","author":"Wen Yiming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yiming Wen and Weize Yu. 2019. Machine learning-resistant pseudo-random number generator. Electr. Lett. (2019).","journal-title":"Electr. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","volume-title":"Efficient Side Channel Testing for Public Key Algorithms: RSA Case Study","author":"Witteman M","year":"2011","unstructured":"M Witteman, J. Jaffe, and P. Rohatgi. 2011. Efficient Side Channel Testing for Public Key Algorithms: RSA Case Study. Technical Report. Technical Report, Cryptography Research."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","article-title":"Open DNN box by power side-channel attack","author":"Xiang Yun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun Xiang, Zhuangzhi Chen, Zuohui Chen, Zebin Fang, Haiyang Hao, Jinyin Chen, Yi Liu, Zhefu Wu, Qi Xuan, and Xiaoniu Yang. 2020. Open DNN box by power side-channel attack. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. II: Expr. Briefs (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. II: Expr. Briefs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware","author":"Yan Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin Yan, Yao Guo, Xiangqun Chen, and Hong Mei. 2015. A study on power side channels on mobile devices. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","article-title":"A lightweight masked AES implementation for securing IoT against CPA attacks","author":"Yu Weize","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weize Yu and Sel\u00e7uk K\u00f6se. 2017. A lightweight masked AES implementation for securing IoT against CPA attacks. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I: Regul. Pap. (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I: Regul. Pap."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","article-title":"Methodology for efficient CNN architectures in profiling attacks","author":"Zaid Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel Zaid, Lilian Bossuet, Amaury Habrard, and Alexandre Venelli. 2020. Methodology for efficient CNN architectures in profiling attacks. IACR Trans. Cryptogr. Hardw. Embed. Syst.2020, 1 (2020).","journal-title":"IACR Trans. Cryptogr. Hardw. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","article-title":"SonicBOOM: The 3rd generation berkeley out-of-order machine","author":"Zhao Jerry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jerry Zhao, Ben Korpan, Abraham Gonzalez, and Krste Asanovic. 2020. SonicBOOM: The 3rd generation berkeley out-of-order machine. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computer Architecture Research with RISC-V.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computer Architecture Research with RISC-V"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3701991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3701991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:57:16Z","timestamp":1750298236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3701991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3701991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3701991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3566","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}