{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:55:20Z","timestamp":1770332120145,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Distrib. Ledger Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Blockchain technology has rapidly emerged with a multitude of applications, among which smart contracts have garnered considerable attention. Smart contracts represent a promising solution for streamlining trade and business transactions between untrusted parties without intermediaries. These self-executing pieces of code automatically execute predefined actions when specific conditions are met. Despite the growing enthusiasm for blockchain and smart contracts, researchers believe this powerful combination has not yet reached its full potential. Hence, a systematic study is conducted to explore the various facets of blockchain-based smart contracts comprehensively. The research follows the PRISMA framework and employs two primary approaches: bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. The process was initiated by formulating targeted search queries within the Scopus database, identifying a total of 1,949 publications spanning from January 2019 to August 2023. Subsequently, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on these publications using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny. Further, the full text of these publications was meticulously screened to isolate those with a significant focus on smart contracts. This led to the identification of 48 publications, each offering unique insights into various smart contract applications. Upon further examination, it was observed that the majority of these publications held rankings within the China Computer Federation, which refers to the qualitative research work in this domain. The study concludes with the current state of blockchain-based smart contracts, their platforms, applications, and challenges and reveals the substantial potential in handling tasks with predefined conditions and security requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3704741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T10:44:51Z","timestamp":1732013091000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Systematic Literature Review on Blockchain-based Smart Contracts: Platforms, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5917-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renu","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, JC Bose University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, India and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlesha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, JC Bose University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poonam","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, JC Bose University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3977007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"The Economist. 2015. The Trust Machine | The Economist 23\u201326 pages. Retrieved March 4 2023 from https:\/\/www.economist.com\/leaders\/2015\/10\/31\/the-trust-machine"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUTURE.2019.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Scimago Journal & Country Rank. 2019. Retrieved November 22 2023 from https:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Google Scholar. Retrieved November 22 2023 from https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"ScienceDirect.com| Science Health and Medical Journals Full Text Articles and Books. Retrieved November 22 2023 from https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Bibliometrix. 2023. Bibliometrix - Biblioshiny K-Synth Srl Academic Spin-Off of the University of Naples Federico II. Retrieved November 22 2023 from https:\/\/www.bibliometrix.org\/home\/index.php\/layout\/biblioshiny"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2969565"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197162"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01287-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540091.2022.2088698"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3198860"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4941214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4645585"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952942"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2759787"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2948287"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3100152"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2993072"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101958"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3179875"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2021.1960641"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14881-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2022.101623"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5560621"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102745"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3121562"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-019-9893-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJITS.2021.3106863"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101629"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.104001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09310-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2023.032862"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103074"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120651"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2020.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4393314"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2022.102113"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-021-00959-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3123824"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111193"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2021BCP0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3930858"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2032165"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3045011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3117924"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-020-02514-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3257984"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","unstructured":"Blockchain Architecture Explained: How It Works & How to Build. Retrieved February 21 2023 from https:\/\/mlsdev.com\/blog\/156-how-to-build-your-own-blockchain-architecture"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","unstructured":"M. Iansiti and K. R. Lakhani. 2017. The truth about blockchain. Harv. Bus. Rev. 95 (Jan.\u2013Feb. 2017) 118\u2013127. Retrieved February 21 2023 from https:\/\/e-tarjome.com\/storage\/btn_uploaded\/2019-09-25\/1569393941_10128-etarjome-English.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","unstructured":"Blockchain Technology - SUBRAMANIAN CHANDRAMOULI (ASHA A. GEORGE.) - Google Books. Retrieved March 28 2023 from https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books\/about\/BLOCKCHAIN_TECHNOLOGY.html?id=Bu7TzQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","unstructured":"Baivab Kumar Jena. What Is SHA-256 Algorithm: How it Works and Applications [2022 Edition] \u2014 Simplilearn. Retrieved November 23 2023 from https:\/\/www.simplilearn.com\/tutorials\/cyber-security-tutorial\/sha-256-algorithm"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-20164-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2940-3_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/SU13147870"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20713"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNCA.2020.102839"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LT.2018.8368494"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Alladi V. Chamola J. J. P. C. Rodrigues and S. A. Kozlov. 2019. Blockchain in smart grids: A review on different use cases. Sensors 19 22 (2019) 4862. DOI: 10.3390\/S19224862","DOI":"10.3390\/S19224862"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISSC.2019040102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","unstructured":"S. Nick. 1996. Smart contracts: Building blocks for digital markets . The Journal of Transhumanist Thought 16 (1996) 28. Retrieved March 1 2023 from https:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/rob\/Courses\/InformationInSpeech\/CDROM\/Literature\/LOTwinterschool2006\/szabo.best.vwh.net\/smart_contracts_2.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","unstructured":"V. Buterin. 2014. A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. finpedia.vn. Retrieved February 21 2023 from https:\/\/finpedia.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Ethereum_white_papera_next_generation_smart_contract_and_decentralized_application_platform-vitalik-buterin.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","unstructured":"Law Commission. 2023. Smart Legal Contracts: Summary. Retrieved April 4 2023 from https:\/\/www.lawcom.gov.uk\/project\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","unstructured":"M. Yano C. Dai K. Masuda and Y. Kishimoto. 2023. Economics Law and Institutions in Asia Pacific Blockchain and Crypt Currency Building a High Quality Marketplace for Crypt Data. Retrieved April 4 2023 from http:\/\/www.springer.com\/series\/13451"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","unstructured":"Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) \u2014 ethereum.org. Retrieved April 4 2023 from https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/dao\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","unstructured":"Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) \u2014 ethereum.org. 2023. Retrieved November 23 2023 from https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/evm\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Tern. 2021. Survey of smart contract technology and application based on blockchain. Open J. Appl. Sci. 11 10 (2021) 1135\u20131148. DOI: 10.4236\/OJAPPS.2021.1110085","DOI":"10.4236\/OJAPPS.2021.1110085"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3174052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info14020117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593293"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-financial-110921-022806"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3241544"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Krichen. 2023. Strengthening the security of smart contracts through the power of artificial intelligence. Computers 12 5 (May 2023) 107. DOI: 10.3390\/computers12050107","DOI":"10.3390\/computers12050107"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","first-page":"1212","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS \u201923)","author":"Babel K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"K. Babel, M. Javaheripi, Y. Ji, M. Kelkar, F. Koushanfar, and A. Juels. 2023. Lanturn: Measuring economic security of smart contracts through adaptive learning. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS \u201923), 1212\u20131226. DOI: 10.1145\/3576915.3623204"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061340"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3302771"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58496\/MJCS\/2023\/012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579845"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111555"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Wen Y. Wang Y. Ding H. Zheng B. Qin and C. Yang. 2023. Security and privacy protection technologies in securing blockchain applications Inf. Sci. (Ny). 645 (Oct. 2023) 119322. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119322"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-96146-2.00021-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3240237"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-96146-2.00009-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-021-03260-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.109726"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3223370"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03163-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05519-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/HEALTHCARE7020056"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052307"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3161631"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3217201"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116694"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12413-6_45"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2022.103117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.6752"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spy2.308"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain55522.2022.00078"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IKT57960.2022.10039016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2023.108617"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Wang. 2023. Smart contract-based integrity audit method for IoT. Inf. Sci. (Ny). 647 (Nov. 2023) 119413. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119413"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789831"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-021-01494-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312415"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDST.322095"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93646-4_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40579-2_35"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061340"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102864"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2022.100389"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8011525"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100134"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18645-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593293"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179346"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12030546"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-021-03491-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02874-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01127-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102857"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCBB.2018.8756390"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101519"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","unstructured":"Clarivate Analytics. 2022. Web of Science Master Journal List - Collection List Downloads. Retrieved November 22 2023 from https:\/\/mjl.clarivate.com\/search-results"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPRAS.2018.00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110891"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-5781-5.CH002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBUSRES.2021.04.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_147_2","unstructured":"Scopus. 2020. Scopus Preview - Scopus - Welcome to Scopus. Scopus Preview. Retrieved November 22 2023 from https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/home.uri"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_148_2","unstructured":"N. Jan van Eck and L. Waltman. 2018. VOSviewer Manual. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vosviewer.com\/documentation\/Manual_VOSviewer_1.6.20.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_149_2","author":"Kitchenham and B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"B. Kitchenham andS. M. Charters. 2007. Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. Tech. report, Ver. 2.3 EBSE Tech. Report. EBSE.","journal-title":"Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1533261"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2886932"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890507"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRE.2020.102067"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936094"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2918000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903554"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/MSOM.2018.0752"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.104040"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_166_2","unstructured":"V. Buterin. 2020. Ethereum Whitepaper \u2014 Ethereum.org. Ethereum.org. Retrieved June 26 2023 from https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/whitepaper\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_167_2","unstructured":"Read the Docs. Introduction to Smart Contracts-Solidity. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/docs.soliditylang.org\/en\/v0.5.11\/introduction-to-smart-contracts.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_169_2","unstructured":"R3. 2019. The Corda Platform: An Introduction White Paper 1\u201321. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.corda.net\/content\/corda-platform-whitepaper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2723872.2723876"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_171_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus","volume":"32","author":"Mazi\u00e8res D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. Mazi\u00e8res. 2015. The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus. Stellar Dev. Found. 32 (2015), 1\u201345.","journal-title":"Stellar Dev. Found."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_172_2","unstructured":"Bitcoin Smart Contracts - Build on Bitcoin \u2014 Roostock (RSK). Retrieved July 19 2024 from https:\/\/rootstock.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_173_2","unstructured":"Polkadot. Retrieved October 5 2024 from https:\/\/polkadot.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_174_2","unstructured":"Home \u2014 Tezos. Tezos. Retrieved October 5 2024 from https:\/\/tezos.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_175_2","unstructured":"Avalanche: Create without Limits \u2014 dApp Platform. Retrieved October 5 2024 from https:\/\/www.avax.network\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62625-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_177_2","unstructured":"Visa Crypto Solutions. Crypto \u2014 Money Is evolving \u2014 Visa. Retrieved October 5 2024 from https:\/\/usa.visa.com\/solutions\/crypto.html"}],"container-title":["Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3704741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:55:16Z","timestamp":1765378516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3704741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3704741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3704741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-6480","2769-6480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-6480","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-6480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}