{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:20:40Z","timestamp":1773206440995,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":51,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["DP240100069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP240100069"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["DP220101209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP220101209"]}]},{"name":"Jacobs Foundation","award":["CELLA 2 CERES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CELLA 2 CERES"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706468.3706502","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:04:11Z","timestamp":1740146651000},"page":"260-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self-regulated Learning Processes in Secondary Education: A Network Analysis of Trace-based Measures"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4789-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4616-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mladen","family":"Rakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2681-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yizhou","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1825-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8967-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Shan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9265-1908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Ga\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7414-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachari","family":"Swiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Metakognition beim lernen mit hypermedien","author":"Bannert Maria","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maria Bannert. 2007. Metakognition beim lernen mit hypermedien. Waxmann Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaled Barkaoui. 2011. Think-aloud protocols in research on essay rating: An empirical study of their veridicality and reactivity. Language Testing 28 1 (2011) 51\u201375.","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532210376379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melissa\u00a0A Bowles and Ronald\u00a0P Leow. 2005. Reactivity and type of verbal report in SLA research methodology: Expanding the scope of investigation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27 3 (2005) 415\u2013440.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263105050187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67788-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaclyn Broadbent and Walter\u00a0L Poon. 2015. Self-regulated learning strategies & academic achievement in online higher education learning environments: A systematic review. The internet and higher education 27 (2015) 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson\u00a0Pinheiro Cavalcanti Arthur Barbosa Ruan Carvalho Fred Freitas Yi-Shan Tsai Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107 and Rafael\u00a0Ferreira Mello. 2021. Automatic feedback in online learning environments: A systematic literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2 (2021) 100027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636555.3636866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liesje Coertjens Taiga Brahm Caroline Trautwein and Sari Lindblom-Yl\u00e4nne. 2017. Students\u2019 transition into higher education from an international perspective. Higher Education 73 (2017) 357\u2013369.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-016-0092-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"J. Cohen. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlotte Dignath and Gerhard B\u00fcttner. 2008. Components of fostering self-regulated learning among students. A meta-analysis on intervention studies at primary and secondary school level. Metacognition and learning 3 (2008) 231\u2013264.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-008-9029-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yizhou Fan Lyn Lim Joep Van\u00a0der Graaf Jonathan Kilgour Mladen Rakovi\u0107 Johanna Moore Inge Molenaar Maria Bannert and Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107. 2022. Improving the measurement of self-regulated learning using multi-channel data. Metacognition and Learning 17 3 (2022) 1025\u20131055.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-022-09304-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yizhou Fan Mladen Rakovic Joep van Der\u00a0Graaf Lyn Lim Shaveen Singh Johanna Moore Inge Molenaar Maria Bannert and Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107. 2023. Towards a fuller picture: Triangulation and integration of the measurement of self-regulated learning based on trace and think aloud data. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 39 4 (2023) 1303\u20131324.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yizhou Fan Joep van\u00a0der Graaf Lyn Lim Mladen Rakovi\u0107 Shaveen Singh Jonathan Kilgour Johanna Moore Inge Molenaar Maria Bannert and Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107. 2022. Towards investigating the validity of measurement of self-regulated learning based on trace data. Metacognition and Learning 17 3 (2022) 949\u2013987.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-022-09291-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bel\u00e9n Guerra-Carrillo Kiefer Katovich and Silvia\u00a0A Bunge. 2017. Does higher education hone cognitive functioning and learning efficacy? Findings from a large and diverse sample. PloS one 12 8 (2017) e0182276.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rob Hyndman and Yanan Fan. 1996. Sample Quantiles in Statistical Packages. The American Statistician 50 (11 1996) 361\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1996.10473566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yves Karlen. 2017. The development of a new instrument to assess metacognitive strategy knowledge about academic writing and its relation to self-regulated writing and writing performance. Journal of Writing Research 9 1 (2017) 61\u201386.","DOI":"10.17239\/jowr-2017.09.01.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameliasari\u00a0Tauresia Kesuma Heri Retnawati and Himawan Putranta. 2021. Analysis of Self-Regulated Learning Skills in Senior High School Students: A Phenomenological Study. TEM Journal 10 3 (2021).","DOI":"10.18421\/TEM103-35"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terry\u00a0K Koo and Mae\u00a0Y Li. 2016. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of chiropractic medicine 15 2 (2016) 155\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Oenardi Lawanto Deborah Butler Sylvie Cartier Harry Santoso Wade Goodridge Kevin Lawanto and David Clark. 2013. Pattern of Task Interpretation and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies of High School Students and College Freshmen during an Engineering Design Project. The Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research 14 (01 2013) 34\u201346."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636555.3636900"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tongguang Li Yizhou Fan Yuanru Tan Yeyu Wang Shaveen Singh Xinyu Li Mladen Rakovi\u0107 Joep Van Der\u00a0Graaf Lyn Lim Binrui Yang et\u00a0al. 2023. Analytics of self-regulated learning scaffolding: effects on learning processes. Frontiers in psychology 14 (2023) 1206696.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1206696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyn Lim Maria Bannert Joep van\u00a0der Graaf Yizhou Fan Mladen Rakovic Shaveen Singh Inge Molenaar and Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107. 2024. How do students learn with real-time personalized scaffolds? British Journal of Educational Technology 55 4 (2024) 1309\u20131327.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyn Lim Maria Bannert Joep van\u00a0der Graaf Shaveen Singh Yizhou Fan Surya Surendrannair Mladen Rakovic Inge Molenaar Johanna Moore and Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107. 2023. Effects of real-time analytics-based personalized scaffolds on students\u2019 self-regulated learning. Computers in Human Behavior 139 (2023) 107547.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisa-Angelique Lim Shane Dawson Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107 Sre\u0107ko Joksimovi\u0107 Anthea Fudge Abelardo Pardo and Sheridan Gentili. 2020. Students\u2019 sense-making of personalised feedback based on learning analytics. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 36 6 (2020) 15\u201333.","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.6370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorge Maldonado-Mahauad Mar P\u00e9rez-Sanagust\u00edn Ren\u00e9\u00a0F Kizilcec Nicol\u00e1s Morales and Jorge Munoz-Gama. 2018. Mining theory-based patterns from Big data: Identifying self-regulated learning strategies in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers in Human Behavior 80 (2018) 179\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"rENA: Epistemic Network Analysis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marquart, C. L., Swiecki, Z., Collier, W., Eagan, B., Woodward, R., Shaffer, and D. W.2022. rENA: Epistemic Network Analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betty McDonald and David Boud. 2003. The impact of self-assessment on achievement: The effects of self-assessment training on performance in external examinations. Assessment in education: principles policy & practice 10 2 (2003) 209\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1080\/0969594032000121289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernesto Panadero Jes\u00fas\u00a0Alonso Tapia and Juan\u00a0Antonio Huertas. 2012. Rubrics and self-assessment scripts effects on self-regulation learning and self-efficacy in secondary education. Learning and individual differences 22 6 (2012) 806\u2013813.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PR Pintrich. 1991. A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning (1991).","DOI":"10.1037\/t09161-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"LT Qin and Jun\u00a0Lawrence Zhang. 2019. English as a foreign language writers\u2019 metacognitive strategy knowledge of writing and their writing performance in multimedia environments. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3506860.3506876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yonggang Ren. 2014. A study of the washback effects of the College English Test (band 4) on teaching and learning English at tertiary level in China. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 6 (12 2014) 243\u2013259.","DOI":"10.5172\/ijpl.2011.6.3.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Saint Yizhou Fan Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107 and Abelardo Pardo. 2022. Temporally-focused analytics of self-regulated learning: A systematic review of literature. Computers and education: Artificial intelligence 3 (2022) 100060.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315697048-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203839010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Quantitative Ethnography","author":"Shaffer David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Shaffer. 2017. Quantitative Ethnography. Cathcart Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3506860.3506972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448139.3448181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joep van\u00a0der Graaf Mladen Rakovi\u0107 Yizhou Fan Lyn Lim Shaveen Singh Maria Bannert Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107 and Inge Molenaar. 2023. How to design and evaluate personalized scaffolds for self-regulated learning. Metacognition and Learning 18 3 (2023) 783\u2013810.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-023-09361-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manita Van\u00a0der Stel and Marcel\u00a0VJ Veenman. 2010. Development of metacognitive skillfulness: A longitudinal study. Learning and individual differences 20 3 (2010) 220\u2013224.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manita Van Der\u00a0Stel and Marcel\u00a0VJ Veenman. 2014. Metacognitive skills and intellectual ability of young adolescents: A longitudinal study from a developmental perspective. European journal of psychology of education 29 (2014) 117\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-013-0190-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcel\u00a0VJ Veenman. 2007. The assessment and instruction of self-regulation in computer-based environments: a discussion. Metacognition and Learning 2 (2007) 177\u2013183.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-007-9017-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stella Vosniadou. 2020. Bridging secondary and higher education. The importance of self-regulated learning. European Review 28 S1 (2020) S94\u2013S103.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1062798720000939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stella Vosniadou Michael\u00a0J Lawson Mirella Wyra Penny Van\u00a0Deur David Jeffries and Darmawan I\u00a0Gusti Ngurah. 2020. Pre-service teachers\u2019 beliefs about learning and teaching and about the self-regulation of learning: A conceptual change perspective. International Journal of Educational Research 99 (2020) 101495.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2019.101495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonora\u00a0G Weil Stephen\u00a0M Fleming Iroise Dumontheil Emma\u00a0J Kilford Rimona\u00a0S Weil Geraint Rees Raymond\u00a0J Dolan and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. 2013. The development of metacognitive ability in adolescence. Consciousness and cognition 22 1 (2013) 264\u2013271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Studying as Self-Regulated Learning","author":"Winne Philip","year":"1998","unstructured":"Philip Winne and Allyson Hadwin. 1998. Studying as Self-Regulated Learning. Vol.\u00a093. 277\u2013304."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0H Winne. 2017. Learning analytics for self-regulated learning. Handbook of learning analytics 754 (2017) 241\u2013249.","DOI":"10.18608\/hla17.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anke Wischgoll. 2016. Combined training of one cognitive and one metacognitive strategy improves academic writing skills. Frontiers in psychology 7 (2016) 155280.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingming Zhou and Philip\u00a0H Winne. 2012. Modeling academic achievement by self-reported versus traced goal orientation. Learning and Instruction 22 6 (2012) 413\u2013419.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2012.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry\u00a0J Zimmerman. 2002. Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice 41 2 (2002) 64\u201370.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry\u00a0J Zimmerman. 2013. Theories of self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview and analysis. Self-regulated learning and academic achievement (2013) 1\u201336.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/272560"}],"event":{"name":"LAK '25: The 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","location":"Dublin Ireland","acronym":"LAK 2025"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706468.3706502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706468.3706502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:56:50Z","timestamp":1750298210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706468.3706502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706468.3706502","10.1145\/3706468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706468.3706502","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}