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WSNs are utilized across diverse domains, such as environmental monitoring, industrial automation, healthcare, smart agriculture, home automation, and beyond. Due to the inherent characteristics of WSNs they face many security challenges ranging from resource-based attacks, such as energy depletion or computational overload, to eavesdropping, interception, and tampering. Moreover, the dynamic and often\n            <jats:italic>ad hoc<\/jats:italic>\n            deployment of sensors in varying environments increases their vulnerability to physical intrusion attacks, the distributed and collaborative nature of WSNs raises concerns about data integrity, as compromised nodes can potentially propagate misleading or malicious information throughout the network. In this article, we categorize WSN attacks, identifying vulnerabilities and corresponding mitigation strategies. We also explore current research directions in WSN security, emphasizing the challenges in addressing these issues.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3706583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T10:59:13Z","timestamp":1733137153000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Security Challenges, Mitigation Strategies, and Future Trends in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3332-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Oztoprak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8649-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Hassanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Groningen University Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4331-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysegul","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2483-8070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasim","family":"Oztoprak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921719854528"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","article-title":"Intrusion detection of DoS attacks in WSNs using classification techniuqes.","volume":"10","author":"Abdullah Manal A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manal A. 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