{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1776115409484,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":127,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62132010, 62472243, 2022YFB3105201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62132010, 62472243, 2022YFB3105201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713688","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:20:47Z","timestamp":1745464847000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Raise Your Eyebrows Higher: Facilitating Emotional Communication in Social Virtual Reality Through Region-Specific Facial Expression Exaggeration"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9797-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6532-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weiyang College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5843-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5556-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard Ziyu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2222-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinge","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrust of Computational Media and Arts, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hewu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahar Aseeri and Victoria Interrante. 2021. The influence of avatar representation on interpersonal communication in virtual social environments. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 27 5 (2021) 2608\u20132617.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillel Aviezer Ran\u00a0R Hassin Jennifer Ryan Cheryl Grady Josh Susskind Adam Anderson Morris Moscovitch and Shlomo Bentin. 2008. Angry disgusted or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological science 19 7 (2008) 724\u2013732.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo-Anne Bachorowski. 1999. Vocal expression and perception of emotion. Current directions in psychological science 8 2 (1999) 53\u201357.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR58804.2024.00064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cezary Biele and Anna Grabowska. 2006. Sex differences in perception of emotion intensity in dynamic and static facial expressions. Experimental brain research 171 (2006) 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0254-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3584931.3606992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel\u00a0G Calvo Aida Guti\u00e9rrez-Garc\u00eda Andr\u00e9s Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn and Lauri Nummenmaa. 2014. Recognition of facial expressions of emotion is related to their frequency in everyday life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 38 (2014) 549\u2013567.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-014-0191-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiongdan Cao Hui Yu Paul Charisse Si Qiao and Brett Stevens. 2023. Is High-Fidelity Important for Human-like Virtual Avatars in Human Computer Interactions? International Journal of Network Dynamics and Intelligence (March 2023) 15\u201323. 10.53941\/ijndi0201008","DOI":"10.53941\/ijndi0201008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiongdan Cao Hui Yu Paul Charisse Si Qiao and Brett Stevens. 2023. Is high-fidelity important for human-like virtual avatars in human computer interactions? International Journal of Network Dynamics and Intelligence (2023) 15\u201323.","DOI":"10.53941\/ijndi0201008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho-Seung Cha Seong-Jun Choi and Chang-Hwan Im. 2020. Real-time recognition of facial expressions using facial electromyograms recorded around the eyes for social virtual reality applications. IEEE Access 8 (2020) 62065\u201362075.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorena Chanes Jolie\u00a0Baumann Wormwood Nicole Betz and Lisa\u00a0Feldman Barrett. 2018. Facial expression predictions as drivers of social perception. Journal of personality and social psychology 114 3 (2018) 380.","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR55154.2023.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Theo Combe Rebecca Fribourg Lucas Detto and Jean-Marie Normand. 2024. Exploring the Influence of Virtual Avatar Heads in Mixed Reality on Social Presence Performance and User Experience in Collaborative Tasks. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2024) 1\u201311. 10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372051","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juliet\u00a0M Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 1990. Grounded theory research: Procedures canons and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology 13 1 (1990) 3\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amy Dawel Elizabeth\u00a0J Miller Annabel Horsburgh and Patrice Ford. 2022. A systematic survey of face stimuli used in psychological research 2000\u20132020. Behavior Research Methods 54 4 (2022) 1889\u20131901.","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01705-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juan Del\u00a0Aguila Luz\u00a0M. Gonz\u00e1lez-Gualda Mar\u00eda\u00a0Angeles J\u00e1tiva Patricia Fern\u00e1ndez-Sotos Antonio Fern\u00e1ndez-Caballero and Arturo\u00a0S. Garc\u00eda. 2021. How Interpersonal Distance Between Avatar and Human Influences Facial Affect Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (July 2021) 675515. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.675515","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.675515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3656650.3656691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artemisa\u00a0R Dores Fernando Barbosa Cristina Queir\u00f3s Irene\u00a0P Carvalho and Mark\u00a0D Griffiths. 2020. Recognizing emotions through facial expressions: A largescale experimental study. International journal of environmental research and public health 17 20 (2020) 7420.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shichuan Du Yong Tao and Aleix\u00a0M Martinez. 2014. Compound facial expressions of emotion. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 111 15 (2014) E1454\u2013E1462.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322355111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changming Duan and Clara\u00a0E Hill. 1996. The current state of empathy research. Journal of counseling psychology 43 3 (1996) 261.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0167.43.3.261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charlotte Dubosc Geoffrey Gorisse Olivier Christmann Sylvain Fleury Killian Poinsot and Simon Richir. 2021. Impact of Avatar Facial Anthropomorphism on Body Ownership Attractiveness and Social Presence in Collaborative Tasks in Immersive Virtual Environments. Computers & Graphics 101 (Dec. 2021) 82\u201392. 10.1016\/j.cag.2021.08.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2021.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miriam Dyck Maren Winbeck Susanne Leiberg Yuhan Chen Rurben\u00a0C Gur and Klaus Mathiak. 2008. Recognition profile of emotions in natural and virtual faces. PloS one 3 11 (2008) e3628.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elena Dzardanova Vasiliki Nikolakopoulou Vlasios Kasapakis Spyros Vosinakis Ioannis Xenakis and Damianos Gavalas. 2024. Exploring the Impact of Non-verbal Cues on User Experience in Immersive Virtual Reality. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 35 1 (Jan. 2024) e2224. 10.1002\/cav.2224","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.2224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Paul Ekman. 1982. Methods for measuring facial action. Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (1982) 45\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Ekman. 1992. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & emotion 6 3-4 (1992) 169\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Ekman and Wallace\u00a0V Friesen. 1971. Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology 17 2 (1971) 124.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Ekman Wallace\u00a0V Friesen Maureen O\u2019sullivan Anthony Chan Irene Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis Karl Heider Rainer Krause William\u00a0Ayhan LeCompte Tom Pitcairn Pio\u00a0E Ricci-Bitti et\u00a0al. 1987. Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology 53 4 (1987) 712.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.4.712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillary\u00a0Anger Elfenbein and Nalini Ambady. 2003. When familiarity breeds accuracy: cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition. Journal of personality and social psychology 85 2 (2003) 276.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo Freeman and Divine Maloney. 2021. Body Avatar and Me: The Presentation and Perception of Self in Social Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4 CSCW3 (Jan. 2021) 1\u201327. 10.1145\/3432938","DOI":"10.1145\/3432938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C.N.W. Geraets S. Klein\u00a0Tuente B.P. Lestestuiver M. Van\u00a0Beilen S.A. Nijman J.B.C. Marsman and W. Veling. 2021. Virtual Reality Facial Emotion Recognition in Social Environments: An Eye-Tracking Study. Internet Interventions 25 (Sept. 2021) 100432. 10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mar Gonzalez-Franco Anthony Steed Steve Hoogendyk and Eyal Ofek. 2020. Using Facial Animation to Increase the Enfacement Illusion and Avatar Self-Identification. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26 5 (May 2020) 2023\u20132029. 10.1109\/TVCG.2020.2973075","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.2973075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3270316.3271543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIR51845.2021.00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626705.3627793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernanda Herrera Soo\u00a0Youn Oh and Jeremy\u00a0N Bailenson. 2020. Effect of behavioral realism on social interactions inside collaborative virtual environments. Presence 27 2 (2020) 163\u2013182.","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474451.3476242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3605495.3605799"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darragh Higgins Katja Zibrek Joao Cabral Donal Egan and Rachel McDonnell. 2022. Sympathy for the digital: Influence of synthetic voice on affinity social presence and empathy for photorealistic virtual humans. Computers & Graphics 104 (2022) 116\u2013128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2022.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chin-Chang Ho and Karl\u00a0F. MacDorman. 2017. Measuring the Uncanny Valley Effect: Refinements to Indices for Perceived Humanness Attractiveness and Eeriness. International Journal of Social Robotics 9 1 (Jan. 2017) 129\u2013139. 10.1007\/s12369-016-0380-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0380-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruud Hortensius Felix Hekele and Emily\u00a0S Cross. 2018. The perception of emotion in artificial agents. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 10 4 (2018) 852\u2013864.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2018.2826921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct51615.2020.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_2","volume-title":"Nebraska symposium on motivation","author":"Izard CARROLL\u00a0E","year":"1978","unstructured":"CARROLL\u00a0E Izard. 1978. Emotions as motivations: an evolutionary-developmental perspective.. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachael\u00a0E Jack Oliver\u00a0GB Garrod Hui Yu Roberto Caldara and Philippe\u00a0G Schyns. 2012. Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 19 (2012) 7241\u20137244.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200155109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR62088.2024.00131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct57072.2022.00161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jari K\u00e4tsyri Klaus F\u00f6rger Meeri M\u00e4k\u00e4r\u00e4inen and Tapio Takala. 2015. A review of empirical evidence on different uncanny valley hypotheses: support for perceptual mismatch as one road to the valley of eeriness. Frontiers in psychology 6 (2015) 390.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorena\u00a0C Kegel Peter Brugger Sascha Fr\u00fchholz Thomas Grunwald Peter Hilfiker Oona Kohnen Miriam\u00a0L Loertscher Dieter Mersch Anton Rey Teresa Sollfrank et\u00a0al. 2020. Dynamic human and avatar facial expressions elicit differential brain responses. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 15 3 (2020) 303\u2013317.","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian Kiverstein. 2015. Empathy and the responsiveness to social affordances. Consciousness and Cognition 36 (2015) 532\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian\u00a0G Kohler Travis Turner Neal\u00a0M Stolar Warren\u00a0B Bilker Colleen\u00a0M Brensinger Raquel\u00a0E Gur and Ruben\u00a0C Gur. 2004. Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions. Psychiatry research 128 3 (2004) 235\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2822013.2822035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariska\u00a0E Kret Karin Roelofs Jeroen\u00a0J Stekelenburg and Beatrice de Gelder. 2013. Emotional signals from faces bodies and scenes influence observers\u2019 face expressions fixations and pupil-size. Frontiers in human neuroscience 7 (2013) 810.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eva\u00a0G Krumhuber Lina\u00a0I Skora Harold\u00a0CH Hill and Karen Lander. 2023. The role of facial movements in emotion recognition. Nature Reviews Psychology 2 5 (2023) 283\u2013296.","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00172-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW55335.2022.00176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3139131.3139156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri Laukka Patrik Juslin and Roberto Bresin. 2005. A dimensional approach to vocal expression of emotion. Cognition & Emotion 19 5 (2005) 633\u2013653.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_66_2","first-page":"322","volume-title":"Healthcare","author":"Lee Ching-Long","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ching-Long Lee, Wen Pei, Yu-Cheng Lin, Anders Granmo, and Kang-Hung Liu. 2023. Emotion detection based on pupil variation. In Healthcare , Vol.\u00a011. MDPI, 322."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tae-Ho Lee June-Seek Choi and Yang\u00a0Seok Cho. 2012. Context modulation of facial emotion perception differed by individual difference. PLOS one 7 3 (2012) e32987.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao Li Laura Trutoiu Kyle Olszewski Lingyu Wei Tristan Trutna Pei-Lun Hsieh Aaron Nicholls and Chongyang Ma. 2015. Facial performance sensing head-mounted display. ACM Transactions on Graphics (ToG) 34 4 (2015) 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1145\/2766939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3441346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jinghuai Lin and Marc\u00a0Erich Latoschik. 2022. Digital body identity and privacy in social virtual reality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 3 (2022) 974652.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.974652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao Ma Nianxin Guo Faraday Davies Yantian Hou Suyan Guo and Xun Zhu. 2021. Facial expressions can be categorized along the upper-lower facial axis from a perceptual perspective. Attention Perception & Psychophysics 83 (2021) 2159\u20132173.","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-021-02281-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariana Magalh\u00e3es Ant\u00f3nio Coelho Miguel Melo and Maximino Bessa. 2024. Measuring users\u2019 emotional responses in multisensory virtual reality: A systematic literature review. Multimedia Tools and Applications 83 14 (2024) 43377\u201343417.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16918-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meeri M\u00e4k\u00e4r\u00e4inen Jari K\u00e4tsyri and Tapio Takala. 2014. Exaggerating Facial Expressions: A Way to Intensify Emotion or a Way to the Uncanny Valley? Cognitive Computation 6 4 (Dec. 2014) 708\u2013721. 10.1007\/s12559-014-9273-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-014-9273-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Divine Maloney Guo Freeman and Donghee\u00a0Yvette Wohn. 2020. \"Talking without a Voice\": Understanding Non-verbal Communication in Social Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4 CSCW2 (Oct. 2020) 1\u201325. 10.1145\/3415246","DOI":"10.1145\/3415246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John\u00a0W. Mauchly. 1940. Significance Test for Sphericity of a Normal $n$-Variate Distribution. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (1940) 204\u2013209. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:119821954","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nora McDonald Sarita Schoenebeck and Andrea Forte. 2019. Reliability and inter-rater reliability in qualitative research: Norms and guidelines for CSCW and HCI practice. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 3 CSCW (2019) 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1899950.1899991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanneke\u00a0KM Meeren Corn\u00e9\u00a0CRJ Van\u00a0Heijnsbergen and Beatrice De\u00a0Gelder. 2005. Rapid perceptual integration of facial expression and emotional body language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 45 (2005) 16518\u201316523.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507650102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizabeth\u00a0J Miller Yong\u00a0Zhi Foo Paige Mewton and Amy Dawel. 2023. How do people respond to computer-generated versus human faces? A systematic review and meta-analyses. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 10 (2023) 100283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2023.100283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizabeth\u00a0J Miller Eva\u00a0G Krumhuber and Amy Dawel. 2022. Observers perceive the Duchenne marker as signaling only intensity for sad expressions not genuine emotion. Emotion 22 5 (2022) 907.","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masahiro Mori Karl\u00a0F MacDorman and Norri Kageki. 2012. The uncanny valley [from the field]. IEEE Robotics & automation magazine 19 2 (2012) 98\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0WE Murry and Derek\u00a0M Isaacowitz. 2017. Age differences in emotion perception: The effects of the social environment. International Journal of Behavioral Development 41 5 (2017) 597\u2013604.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025416667493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelle\u00a0B Neiss Lindsey\u00a0A Leigland Nichole\u00a0E Carlson and Jeri\u00a0S Janowsky. 2009. Age differences in perception and awareness of emotion. Neurobiology of aging 30 8 (2009) 1305\u20131313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauri Nummenmaa and Manuel\u00a0G Calvo. 2015. Dissociation between recognition and detection advantage for facial expressions: a meta-analysis. Emotion 15 2 (2015) 243.","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soo\u00a0Youn Oh Jeremy Bailenson Nicole Kr\u00e4mer and Benjamin Li. 2016. Let the Avatar Brighten Your Smile: Effects of Enhancing Facial Expressions in Virtual Environments. PLOS ONE 11 9 (Sept. 2016) e0161794. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0161794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyle Olszewski Joseph\u00a0J Lim Shunsuke Saito and Hao Li. 2016. High-fidelity facial and speech animation for VR HMDs. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 35 6 (2016) 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1145\/2980179.2980252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Orlowska Magdalena Rychlowska Piotr Szarota and Eva\u00a0G Krumhuber. 2023. Facial mimicry and social context affect smile interpretation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 47 4 (2023) 471\u2013488.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-023-00437-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye Pan Shuai Tan Shengran Cheng Qunfen Lin Zijiao Zeng and Kenny Mitchell. 2024. Expressive talking avatars. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ye Pan Ruisi Zhang Shengran Cheng Shuai Tan Yu Ding Kenny Mitchell and Xubo Yang. 2023. Emotional Voice Puppetry. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29 5 (May 2023) 2527\u20132535. 10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247101","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581783.3613803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3528575.3551437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brian Parkinson. 2008. Emotions in direct and remote social interaction: Getting through the spaces between us. Computers in Human Behavior 24 4 (2008) 1510\u20131529.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0A Powell and Jennifer Roberts. 2017. Situational determinants of cognitive affective and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions. Computers in Human Behavior 68 (2017) 137\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rivu Radiah Daniel Roth Florian Alt and Yomna Abdelrahman. 2023. The Influence of Avatar Personalization on Emotions in VR. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 7 4 (March 2023) 38. 10.3390\/mti7040038","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7040038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9 Riedl Peter\u00a0NC Mohr Peter\u00a0H Kenning Fred\u00a0D Davis and Hauke\u00a0R Heekeren. 2014. Trusting humans and avatars: A brain imaging study based on evolution theory. Journal of Management Information Systems 30 4 (2014) 83\u2013114.","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222300404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruthger Righart and Beatrice De\u00a0Gelder. 2008. Rapid influence of emotional scenes on encoding of facial expressions: an ERP study. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 3 3 (2008) 270\u2013278.","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruthger Righart and Beatrice\u00a0de Gelder. 2008. Recognition of facial expressions is influenced by emotional scene gist. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 8 3 (2008) 264\u2013272.","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.8.3.264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359996.3364269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshua Rottman Jasmine DeJesus and Heather Greenebaum. 2019. Developing disgust: Theory measurement and application. Handbook of emotional development (2019) 283\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17332-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annie Roy-Charland Melanie Perron Olivia Beaudry and Kaylee Eady. 2014. Confusion of fear and surprise: A test of the perceptual-attentional limitation hypothesis with eye movement monitoring. Cognition and Emotion 28 7 (2014) 1214\u20131222.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.878687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James\u00a0A Russell and Merry Bullock. 1985. Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: similarity from preschoolers to adults. Journal of personality and social psychology 48 5 (1985) 1290.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.48.5.1290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saba Safdar Wolfgang Friedlmeier David Matsumoto Seung\u00a0Hee Yoo Catherine\u00a0T Kwantes Hisako Kakai and Eri Shigemasu. 2009. Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada USA and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science\/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 41 1 (2009) 1.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Sch\u00e4fer Gerd Reis and Didier Stricker. 2022. A survey on synchronous augmented virtual andmixed reality remote collaboration systems. Comput. Surveys 55 6 (2022) 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1145\/3533376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaus\u00a0R Scherer Heiner Ellgring Anja Dieckmann Matthias Unfried and Marcello Mortillaro. 2019. Dynamic facial expression of emotion and observer inference. Frontiers in psychology 10 (2019) 433041.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Annett Schirmer and Ralph Adolphs. 2017. Emotion Perception from Face Voice and Touch: Comparisons and Convergence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21 3 (March 2017) 216\u2013228. 10.1016\/j.tics.2017.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelsea Schulenberg Guo Freeman Lingyuan Li and Bart Knijnenburg. 2024. Does Who You Are or Appear to Be Matter?: Understanding Identity-Based Harassment in Social VR Through the Lens of (Mis) Perceived Identity Revelation. Proceedings of the ACM on humancomputer interaction (2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/3686923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentin Schwind Katrin Wolf and Niels Henze. 2018. Avoiding the uncanny valley in virtual character design. interactions 25 5 (2018) 45\u201349.","DOI":"10.1145\/3236673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyewon Song and Beom Kwon. 2024. Facial Animation Strategies for Improved Emotional Expression in Virtual Reality. Electronics 13 13 (2024) 2601.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13132601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0P Spackman Bruce\u00a0L Brown and Sean Otto. 2009. Do emotions have distinct vocal profiles? A study of idiographic patterns of expression. Cognition and Emotion 23 8 (2009) 1565\u20131588.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930802536268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_114_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Spadoni Elena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elena Spadoni, Marina Carulli, Maura Mengoni, Marco Luciani, and Monica Bordegoni. 2023. Empowering virtual Humans\u2019 emotional expression in the metaverse. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 133\u2013143."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilu Sun and Andrea\u00a0Stevenson Won. 2021. Despite Appearances: Comparing Emotion Recognition in Abstract and Humanoid Avatars Using Nonverbal Behavior in Social Virtual Reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2 (Sept. 2021) 694453. 10.3389\/frvir.2021.694453","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.694453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jon Swain. 2018. A hybrid approach to thematic analysis in qualitative research: Using a practical example. Sage research methods (2018).","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliya Tastemirova Johannes Schneider Leona\u00a0Chandra Kruse Simon Heinzle and Jan\u00a0vom Brocke. 2022. Microexpressions in digital humans: perceived affect sincerity and trustworthiness. Electronic Markets 32 3 (2022) 1603\u20131620.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00563-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angela Tinwell Mark Grimshaw Debbie\u00a0Abdel Nabi and Andrew Williams. 2011. Facial Expression of Emotion and Perception of the Uncanny Valley in Virtual Characters. Computers in Human Behavior 27 2 (March 2011) 741\u2013749. 10.1016\/j.chb.2010.10.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alessandro Visconti Davide Calandra and Fabrizio Lamberti. 2023. Comparing Technologies for Conveying Emotions through Realistic Avatars in Virtual Reality-based Metaverse Experiences. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 34 3-4 (May 2023) e2188. 10.1002\/cav.2188","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.2188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_120_2","unstructured":"Zhibo Wang Jingwang Ling Chengzeng Feng Ming Lu and Feng Xu. 2020. Emotion-preserving blendshape update with real-time face tracking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 28 6 (2020) 2364\u20132375."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Florian Weidner Gerd Boettcher Stephanie\u00a0Arevalo Arboleda Chenyao Diao Luljeta Sinani Christian Kunert Christoph Gerhardt Wolfgang Broll and Alexander Raake. 2023. A Systematic Review on the Visualization of Avatars and Agents in AR & VR Displayed Using Head-Mounted Displays. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29 5 (May 2023) 2596\u20132606. 10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247072","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_122_2","volume-title":"Statistical principles in experimental design","author":"Winer Ben\u00a0James","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ben\u00a0James Winer, Donald\u00a0R Brown, Kenneth\u00a0M Michels, et\u00a0al. 1971. Statistical principles in experimental design. Vol.\u00a02. McGraw-Hill New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2014.6935241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_126_2","unstructured":"Chit\u00a0Yuen Yi Matthew\u00a0WE Murry and Amy\u00a0L Gentzler. 2016. Perception of emotional expressions in adults. Journal of Individual Differences (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW58643.2023.00223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu Zhang Xinge Liu Xuan Yang Yezhi Shu Niqi Liu Dan Zhang and Yong-Jin Liu. 2021. The influence of key facial features on recognition of emotion in cartoon faces. Frontiers in psychology 12 (2021) 687974.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.687974"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3713688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706598.3713688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:55:39Z","timestamp":1751604939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3713688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706598.3713688","10.1145\/3706598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3713688","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}