{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:56:43Z","timestamp":1783007803900,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":112,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713877","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:17:03Z","timestamp":1745464623000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Who Reaps All the Superchats? A Large-Scale Analysis of Income Inequality in Virtual YouTuber Livestreaming"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2304-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0711-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1849-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-8311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongwook","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2135-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Jurgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7849-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Most Super Chatted Channels in Worldwide - All-time \u2014 playboard.co. https:\/\/playboard.co\/en\/youtube-ranking\/most-superchatted-all-channels-in-worldwide-total. [Accessed 13-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Crystal Abidin. 2015. Communicative intimacies: Influencers and percieved interconnectedness. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raphaela Andres Michelangelo Rossi and Mark\u00a0J Tremblay. 2023. YouTube \u201cAdpocalypse\u201d: The YouTubers\u2019 journey from ad-based to patron-based revenues. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper59 (2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4672028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoav Benjamini and Yosef Hochberg. 1995. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal statistical society: series B (Methodological) 57 1 (1995) 289\u2013300.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Kate Berbano. 2022. Meet Japan\u2019s Riku Tazumi the 26-year-old billionaire founder of Anycolor \u2014 scmp.com. https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/magazines\/style\/celebrity\/article\/3200160\/meet-riku-tazumi-26-year-old-japanese-billionaire-founder-anycolor-his-youtuber-talent-agency-and. [Accessed 10-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemant\u00a0K Bhargava. 2022. The creator economy: Managing ecosystem supply revenue sharing and platform design. Management Science 68 7 (2022) 5233\u20135251.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.4126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"VTuber Statistics 2024: Insights From Our VTuber Survey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bilal. 2024. VTuber Statistics 2024: Insights From Our VTuber Survey. https:\/\/dereproject.com\/vtuber\/vtuber-statistics-2024-insights-from-our-vtuber-survey\/#h-vtuber-statistics-challenges-amp-coping-mechanisms Accessed: 2024-11-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel Black. 2012. The virtual idol: Producing and consuming digital femininity. Idols and celebrity in Japanese media culture (2012) 209\u201328.","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137283788_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Bleier Beth\u00a0L Fossen and Michal Shapira. 2024. On the role of social media platforms in the creator economy. International Journal of Research in Marketing 41 3 (2024) 411\u2013426.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2024.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3406865.3418332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liudmila Bredikhina and Agn\u00e8s Giard. 2022. Becoming a virtual cutie: digital cross-dressing in Japan. Convergence 28 6 (2022) 1643\u20131661.","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221074812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noel Brett. 2022. Why Do We Only Get Anime Girl Avatars? Collective White Heteronormative Avatar Design in Live Streams. Television & New Media 23 5 (2022) 451\u2013461.","DOI":"10.1177\/15274764221080956"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"James Byron. 2023. New collaboration in a virtual world: studying Vtubers through identity gender and fan engagement. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Macquarie University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robyn Caplan and Tarleton Gillespie. 2020. Tiered governance and demonetization: The shifting terms of labor and compensation in the platform economy. Social Media+ Society 6 2 (2020) 2056305120936636.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120936636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chih-Ping Chen. 2016. Forming digital self and parasocial relationships on YouTube. Journal of Consumer culture 16 1 (2016) 232\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540514521081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"James Chen. [n. d.]. The Vtuber takeover of 2020 \u2014 polygon.com. https:\/\/www.polygon.com\/2020\/11\/30\/21726800\/hololive-vtuber-projekt-melody-kizuna-ai-calliope-mori-vshojo-youtube-earnings. [Accessed 05-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manting Chen and Rocco\u00a0Juanlei Hu. 2024. The host in the shell: Constructing female identity in the embodied animated media. New Media & Society (2024) 14614448231226213.","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231226213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3640543.3645146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643834.3661545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Chinchilla and Jihyun Kim. 2024. VTuber for Streamers: Exploring the Role of Social Presence in the Visual Representation of Streamers. Communication Studies (2024) 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2024.2337955"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abhinav Choudhry Jinda Han Xiaoyu Xu and Yun Huang. 2022. \" I Felt a Little Crazy Following a\u2019Doll\u2019\" Investigating Real Influence of Virtual Influencers on Their Followers. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 6 GROUP (2022) 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1145\/3492862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"COVER. 2023. Materials for Growth Opportunities and Strategies. https:\/\/cover-corp.com\/ir\/news\/230327_5253_COVER_Materials_for_Growth_Opportunities_and_Strategies.pdf#page=1.00 [PDF document]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Cox. 1972. Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 34 2 (1972) 187\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315137438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart Cunningham David Craig and Jon Silver. 2016. YouTube multichannel networks and the accelerated evolution of the new screen ecology. Convergence 22 4 (2016) 376\u2013391.","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856516641620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greig De\u00a0Peuter. 2011. Creative economy and labor precarity: A contested convergence. Journal of communication inquiry 35 4 (2011) 417\u2013425.","DOI":"10.1177\/0196859911416362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetGames.2015.7382994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0M Dixon Jacob Weiner Thomas Mitchell-Olds and Robert Woodley. 1987. Bootstrapping the Gini coefficient of inequality. Ecology 68 5 (1987) 1548\u20131551.","DOI":"10.2307\/1939238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicola D\u00f6ring and M\u00a0Rohangis Mohseni. 2019. Male dominance and sexism on YouTube: results of three content analyses. Feminist Media Studies 19 4 (2019) 512\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2018.1467945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3532106.3533489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0S Evans. 2009. The online advertising industry: Economics evolution and privacy. Journal of economic perspectives 23 3 (2009) 37\u201360.","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.23.3.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604479.3604523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo Freeman and Donghee\u00a0Yvette Wohn. 2020. Streaming your identity: Navigating the presentation of gender and sexuality through live streaming. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 29 6 (2020) 795\u2013825.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-020-09386-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xavier Gabaix. 2009. Power laws in economics and finance. Annu. Rev. Econ. 1 1 (2009) 255\u2013294.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.142940"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricia\u00a0M Grambsch and Terry\u00a0M Therneau. 1994. Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika 81 3 (1994) 515\u2013526.","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Hair. 2021. Friends not ATMs: Parasocial relational work and the construction of intimacy by artists on Patreon. Sociological Spectrum 41 2 (2021) 196\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1080\/02732173.2021.1875090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Hair Ross Bonifacio and Donghee\u00a0Yvette Wohn. 2022. Multi-platform practices among digital patronage creators. Convergence 28 5 (2022) 1438\u20131456.","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221104990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank\u00a0E Harrell Robert\u00a0M Califf David\u00a0B Pryor Kerry\u00a0L Lee and Robert\u00a0A Rosati. 1982. Evaluating the yield of medical tests. Jama 247 18 (1982) 2543\u20132546.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320430047030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","unstructured":"Kazuma Hashimoto. [n. d.]. VTuber Selen Tatsuki\u2019s Nijisanji termination creates uproar and backlash \u2014 polygon.com. https:\/\/www.polygon.com\/24065311\/vtuber-selen-tatsuki-nijisanji-termination-dokibird. [Accessed 05-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","unstructured":"Kazuma Hashimoto. 2023. VTubers have reached their inevitable conclusion. https:\/\/www.polygon.com\/23919506\/vtuber-hololive-gawr-gura-nijisanji-agency-model"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingyi Hou. 2019. Social media celebrity and the institutionalization of YouTube. Convergence 25 3 (2019) 534\u2013553.","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517750368"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine Houssard Federico Pilati Maria Tartari Pier\u00a0Luigi Sacco and Riccardo Gallotti. 2023. Monetization in online streaming platforms: an exploration of inequalities in Twitch. tv. Scientific Reports 13 1 (2023) 1103.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26727-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yiqing Hua Manoel Horta\u00a0Ribeiro Thomas Ristenpart Robert West and Mor Naaman. 2022. Characterizing alternative monetization strategies on YouTube. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6 CSCW2 (2022) 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/3555174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003177388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shagun Jhaver Darren\u00a0Scott Appling Eric Gilbert and Amy Bruckman. 2019. \" Did you suspect the post would be removed?\" Understanding user reactions to content removals on Reddit. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 3 CSCW (2019) 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610540.3627005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sara Kingsley Proteeti Sinha Clara Wang Motahhare Eslami and Jason\u00a0I Hong. 2022. \" Give Everybody [..] a Little Bit More Equity\": Content Creator Perspectives and Responses to the Algorithmic Demonetization of Content Associated with Disadvantaged Groups. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6 CSCW2 (2022) 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.1145\/3555149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_2","volume-title":"Survival analysis a self-learning text","author":"Kleinbaum David\u00a0G","year":"1996","unstructured":"David\u00a0G Kleinbaum and Mitchel Klein. 1996. Survival analysis a self-learning text. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susanne Kopf. 2020. \u201cRewarding good creators\u201d: corporate social media discourse on monetization schemes for content creators. Social Media+ Society 6 4 (2020) 2056305120969877.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120969877"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susanne Kopf. 2024. Corporate censorship online: Vagueness and discursive imprecision in YouTube\u2019s advertiser-friendly content guidelines. New Media & Society 26 4 (2024) 1756\u20131774.","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221077354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauren\u00a0I Labrecque. 2014. Fostering consumer\u2013brand relationships in social media environments: The role of parasocial interaction. Journal of interactive marketing 28 2 (2014) 134\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581783.3612094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebin Lee and Jungjin Lee. 2023. \u201cJu. T\u2019aime\u201d My Idol My Streamer: A Case Study on Fandom Experience as Audiences and Creators of VTuber Concert. IEEE Access 11 (2023) 31125\u201331142.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3252563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alex\u00a0P Leith and Erin Gheen. 2022. Twitch in the time of quarantine: The role of engagement in needs fulfillment. Psychology of Popular Media 11 3 (2022) 275.","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi Li and Yunjun Guo. 2021. Virtual gifting and danmaku: What motivates people to interact in game live streaming? Telematics and Informatics 62 (2021) 101624.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2021.101624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_61_2","unstructured":"Fan Liang and Li Ji. 2024. Manufacturing influencers: the gatekeeping roles of MCNs (Multi-channel networks) in cultural production. Information Communication & Society (2024) 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Liao Chen Lin Lu Liu Xincheng Wang and Yang You. 2023. Cyber Income Inequality. Available at SSRN 4381802 (2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4381802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tingting Liu Chris\u00a0KK Tan Xiaobing Yang and Miao Li. 2023. Zhibo gonghui: China\u2019s \u2018live-streaming guilds\u2019 of manipulation experts. Information Communication & Society 26 6 (2023) 1210\u20131225.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1994630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_64_2","unstructured":"Bredikhina Liudmila. 2020. Designing identity in VTuber era. Proceedings of Laval Virtual VRIC ConVRgence (2020) 182\u2013184."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramon Lobato. 2016. The cultural logic of digital intermediaries: YouTube multichannel networks. Convergence 22 4 (2016) 348\u2013360.","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856516641628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_68_2","unstructured":"Bryan Lufkin. 2018. The virtual vloggers taking over YouTube \u2014 bbc.com. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/worklife\/article\/20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube. [Accessed 10-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renkai Ma and Yubo Kou. 2021. \" How advertiser-friendly is my video?\": YouTuber\u2019s Socioeconomic Interactions with Algorithmic Content Moderation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (2021) 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1145\/3479573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137283788_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hisashi Masuda Spring\u00a0H Han and Jungwoo Lee. 2022. Impacts of influencer attributes on purchase intentions in social media influencer marketing: Mediating roles of characterizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174 (2022) 121246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1z27hwj"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi Mou Jianfeng Lan and Yingjia Huang. 2023. Good night versus goodbye? Comparing the mourning remarks of virtual and human uploaders through a data-mining approach. New Media & Society (2023) 14614448231212822.","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231212822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark\u00a0EJ Newman. 2005. Power laws Pareto distributions and Zipf\u2019s law. Contemporary physics 46 5 (2005) 323\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510500052444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_76_2","volume-title":"Gawr Gura Has Achieved 4 Million YouTube Subscribers","author":"News Hololive","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hololive News. 2022. Gawr Gura Has Achieved 4 Million YouTube Subscribers. https:\/\/hololive.hololivepro.com\/en\/news\/20220616-02-2\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649921.3650009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43815-8_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago\u0219\u00a0M Obreja. 2023. Toward a multidimensional streaming: A thematic case study of two Twitch channels. new media & society 25 6 (2023) 1354\u20131373.","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211020692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renana Peres Martin Schreier David\u00a0A Schweidel and Alina Sorescu. 2024. The creator economy: An introduction and a call for scholarly research.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4663506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Federico Pilati Antoine Houssard and Pier\u00a0Luigi Sacco. 2024. Mirroring the inequalities of mainstream music platforms: popularity revenue and monetization strategies on Bandcamp. International Journal of Cultural Policy (2024) 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/10286632.2024.2356169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobias Regner. 2021. Crowdfunding a monthly income: an analysis of the membership platform Patreon. Journal of Cultural Economics 45 1 (2021) 133\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10824-020-09381-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhard Rieder Erik Borra \u00d2scar Coromina and Ariadna Matamoros-Fern\u00e1ndez. 2023. Making a living in the creator economy: A large-scale study of linking on YouTube. Social Media+ Society 9 2 (2023) 20563051231180628.","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051231180628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alan\u00a0M Rubin and Mary\u00a0M Step. 2000. Impact of motivation attraction and parasocial interaction on talk radio listening. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44 4 (2000) 635\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4404_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robin Schmieder. 2024. Waiting for a face reveal that never comes? How VTubers challenge our understanding of influencer authenticity. Celebrity Studies 15 2 (2024) 266\u2013281.","DOI":"10.1080\/19392397.2024.2341602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Max Sj\u00f6blom Maria T\u00f6rh\u00f6nen Juho Hamari and Joseph Macey. 2019. The ingredients of Twitch streaming: Affordances of game streams. Computers in Human Behavior 92 (2019) 20\u201328.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_88_2","unstructured":"Jan-Philipp Stein Priska Linda\u00a0Breves and Nora Anders. 2022. Parasocial interactions with real and virtual influencers: The role of perceived similarity and human-likeness. New Media & Society (2022) 14614448221102900."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debra\u00a0Lynn Stephens Ronald\u00a0Paul Hill and Karyn Bergman. 1996. Enhancing the consumer-product relationship: Lessons from the QVC home shopping channel. Journal of business research 37 3 (1996) 193\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(96)00069-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_90_2","volume-title":"Gendered rhetoric of video game streaming: Female agency, harassment and cat girls","author":"Sutton Tommie\u00a0Ann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tommie\u00a0Ann Sutton. 2021. Gendered rhetoric of video game streaming: Female agency, harassment and cat girls. State University of New York at Albany."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wondwesen Tafesse and Mumin Dayan. 2023. Content creators\u2019 participation in the creator economy: Examining the effect of creators\u2019 content sharing frequency on user engagement behavior on digital platforms. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 73 (2023) 103357.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2023.103357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto\u00a0Nauma Tambunan and Andy\u00a0Bangkit Setiawan. 2023. Factors in the Growth of Vtuber Livestreaming Entertainment Phenomenon in Japanese Society. Literacy: International Scientific Journals of Social Education Humanities 2 2 (2023) 78\u201385.","DOI":"10.56910\/literacy.v2i2.906"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yee\u00a0Heng Tan and Barbara\u00a0R Greene. 2025. Can a 2D shark girl be an influencer? uncovering prevailing archetypes in the virtual entertainer industry. Journal of Business Research 186 (2025) 114951.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR52148.2021.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christine Tomlinson. 2024. Community Grievances personal responsibility and DIY protection: Frustrations and solution-seeking among marginalized Twitch streamers. Convergence 30 1 (2024) 358\u2013374.","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565231184060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR.2018.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3452918.3458794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven Vallas and Juliet\u00a0B Schor. 2020. What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual review of sociology 46 1 (2020) 273\u2013294.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-121919-054857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_100_2","unstructured":"Qian Wan and Zhicong Lu. 2023. Investigating VTubing as a Reconstruction of Streamer Self-Presentation: Identity Performance and Gender. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2307.11025 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis Wang Yi-Chieh Lee and Wai-Tat Fu. 2019. \" I love the feeling of being on stage but I become greedy\" Exploring the impact of monetary incentives on live streamers\u2019 social interactions and streaming content. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 CSCW (2019) 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donghee\u00a0Yvette Wohn and Guo Freeman. 2020. Live streaming playing and money spending behaviors in eSports. Games and Culture 15 1 (2020) 73\u201388.","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412019859184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Xie-Carson Thomas Magor Pierre Benckendorff and Karen Hughes. 2023. All hype or the real deal? Investigating user engagement with virtual influencers in tourism. Tourism Management 99 (2023) 104779.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2023.104779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RAAI52226.2021.9507778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eun Yu Chanyong Jung Hyungjin Kim and Jaemin Jung. 2018. Impact of viewer engagement on gift-giving in live video streaming. Telematics and Informatics 35 5 (2018) 1450\u20131460.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jinming Zhan and Nan Zhang. 2023. Exploring the Impact of Virtual Anchor Features and Live Content on Viewers\u2019 Willingness to Pay for \u201cSuperchat\u201d in Live Entertainment Scenarios. Highlights in Business Economics and Management 6 (2023) 189\u2013205.","DOI":"10.54097\/hbem.v6i.6319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi Zhang and Yiben Ma. 2023. Invented borders: The tension between grassroots patriotism and state-led patriotic campaigns in China. Journal of Contemporary China 32 144 (2023) 897\u2013913.","DOI":"10.1080\/10670564.2023.2167054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiyu Zhang and Tong Tong. 2024. Contesting the intermediary power: How Chinese MCNs interact with platforms creators and advertisers. Media Culture & Society (2024) 01634437241229306.","DOI":"10.1177\/01634437241229306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaoxing Zhang Yu Xiang and Lei Hao. 2019. Virtual gifting on China\u2019s live streaming platforms: hijacking the online gift economy. Chinese Journal of Communication 12 3 (2019) 340\u2013355.","DOI":"10.1080\/17544750.2019.1583260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/978-2-494069-89-3_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641927"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58559-8_23"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3713877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706598.3713877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:43:48Z","timestamp":1751604228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3713877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706598.3713877","10.1145\/3706598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3713877","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}