{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:12:08Z","timestamp":1776107528907,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":36,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH (National Institutes of Health)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33CA263666, R01HG011773, 1U01CA284207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33CA263666, R01HG011773, 1U01CA284207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714024","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:30:09Z","timestamp":1745465409000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beyond Time and Accuracy: Strategies in Visual Problem-Solving"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1625-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"M\u00f6rth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1757-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zona","family":"Kostic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEAS, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0327-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Gehlenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3620-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanspeter","family":"Pfister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Computing Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3505-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Computing Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mashael AlKadi Vanessa Serrano James Scott-Brown Catherine Plaisant Jean-Daniel Fekete Uta Hinrichs and Benjamin Bach. 2023. Understanding Barriers to Network Exploration with Visualization: A Report from the Trenches. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29 1 (2023) 907\u2013917. 10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3209487","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3209487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Behrens Martin Gube Helmi Chaabene Olaf Prieske Alexandre Zenon Kim-Charline Broscheid Lutz Schega Florian Husmann and Matthias Weippert. 2023. Fatigue and Human Performance: An Updated Framework. Sports Medicine (Auckland N.z.) 53 1 (2023) 7\u201331. 10.1007\/s40279-022-01748-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01748-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanja Blascheck Markus John Kuno Kurzhals Steffen Koch and Thomas Ertl. 2015. VA 2: A Visual Analytics Approach for Evaluating Visual Analytics Applications. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 22 1 (2015) 61\u201370.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanja Blascheck Lindsay\u00a0MacDonald Vermeulen Jo Vermeulen Charles Perin Wesley Willett Thomas Ertl and Sheelagh Carpendale. 2018. Exploration Strategies for Discovery of Interactivity in Visualizations. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 25 2 (2018) 1407\u20131420.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2802520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelle\u00a0A Borkin Zoya Bylinskii Nam\u00a0Wook Kim Constance\u00a0May Bainbridge Chelsea\u00a0S Yeh Daniel Borkin Hanspeter Pfister and Aude Oliva. 2015. Beyond Memorability: Visualization Recognition and Recall. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 22 1 (2015) 519\u2013528.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katy B\u00f6rner Adam Maltese Russell\u00a0Nelson Balliet and Joe Heimlich. 2016. Investigating Aspects of Data Visualization Literacy Using 20 Information Visualizations and 273 Science Museum Visitors. Information Visualization 15 3 (2016) 198\u2013213. 10.1177\/1473871615594652 arXiv:10.1177\/1473871615594652","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871615594652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47024-5_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patricia\u00a0A. Carpenter and Priti Shah. 1998. A Model of the Perceptual and Conceptual Processes in Graph Comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 4 2 (June 1998) 75\u2013100. 10.1037\/1076-898x.4.2.75","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898x.4.2.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2011.6102435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan Cui Lily\u00a0W. Ge Yiren Ding Fumeng Yang Lane Harrison and Matthew Kay. 2023. Adaptive Assessment of Visualization Literacy. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 30 1 (Oct. 2023) 628\u2013637. 10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3327165","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3327165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frances\u00a0R. Curcio. 1987. Comprehension of Mathematical Relationships Expressed in Graphs. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 18 5 (1987) 382\u2013393. 10.2307\/749086 jstor:749086","DOI":"10.2307\/749086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tom Fawcett. 2006. An Introduction to ROC Analysis. Pattern recognition letters 27 8 (2006) 861\u2013874.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elif\u00a0E Firat Alark Joshi and Robert\u00a0S Laramee. 2022. Interactive Visualization Literacy: The State-of-the-Art. Information Visualization 21 3 (2022) 285\u2013310. 10.1177\/14738716221081831 arXiv:10.1177\/14738716221081831","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716221081831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andreas Gegenfurtner Erno Lehtinen and Roger S\u00e4lj\u00f6. 2011. Expertise Differences in the Comprehension of Visualizations: A Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking Research in Professional Domains. Educational Psychology Review 23 4 (Dec. 2011) 523\u2013552. 10.1007\/s10648-011-9174-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-011-9174-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043361-5\/50013-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PACIFICVIS.2009.4906848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-34738-2_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christof K\u00f6rner. 2011. Eye Movements Reveal Distinct Search and Reasoning Processes in Comprehension of Complex Graphs. Applied Cognitive Psychology 25 6 (2011) 893\u2013905.","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christof K\u00f6rner Margit H\u00f6fler Barbara Tr\u00f6binger and Iain\u00a0D Gilchrist. 2014. Eye Movements Indicate the Temporal Organisation of Information Processing in Graph Comprehension. Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 3 (2014) 360\u2013373.","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"An IEEE VIS Workshop on Visualization for Communication (VisComm)","author":"Kumar Ayush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ayush Kumar, Michael Burch, Irma van den Brand, Laurens Castelijns, Frank Ritchi, Freek Rooks, Hero de Smeth, Neil Timmermans, and Klaus Mueller. 2018. Eye Tracking for Exploring Visual Communication Differences. In An IEEE VIS Workshop on Visualization for Communication (VisComm). IEEE VIS workshop on Visualization for Communication, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuno Kurzhals Brian Fisher Michael Burch and Daniel Weiskopf. 2016. Eye Tracking Evaluation of Visual Analytics. Information Visualization 15 4 (2016) 340\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871615609787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sukwon Lee Sung-Hee Kim Ya-Hsin Hung Heidi Lam Youn-Ah Kang and Ji\u00a0Soo Yi. 2016. How Do People Make Sense of Unfamiliar Visualizations?: A Grounded Model of Novice\u2019s Information Visualization Sensemaking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 22 1 (2016) 499\u2013508. 10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467195","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellen Moseholm and Michael\u00a0D Fetters. 2017. Conceptual Models to Guide Integration during Analysis in Convergent Mixed Methods Studies. Methodological Innovations 10 2 (2017) 2059799117703118.","DOI":"10.1177\/2059799117703118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/968363.968391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saugat Pandey and Alvitta Ottley. 2023. Mini-VLAT: A Short and Effective Measure of Visualization Literacy. Computer Graphics Forum 42 3 (2023) 1\u201311. 10.1111\/cgf.14809 arXiv:https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.14809","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576050.3576063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","first-page":"284","volume-title":"International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications (IVAPP)","author":"Raschke Michael","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michael Raschke, Tanja Blascheck, Marianne Richter, Tanja Agapkin, and Thomas Ertl. 2014. Visual Analysis of Perceptual and Cognitive Processes. In International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications (IVAPP). International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications (IVAPP), Lisbon, Portugal, 284\u2013291."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keith Rayner. 1998. Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research. Psychological bulletin 124 3 (1998) 372.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.124.3.372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0C. Richardson and Rick Dale. 2005. Looking to Understand: The Coupling between Speakers\u2019 and Listeners\u2019 Eye Movements and Its Relationship to Discourse Comprehension. Cognitive Science 29 6 (Nov. 2005) 1045\u20131060. 10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_29","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08786-3_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kathryn Stofer and Xuan Che. 2014. Comparing Experts and Novices on Scaffolded Data Visualizations Using Eye-tracking. Journal of Eye Movement Research 7 5 (Dec. 2014). 10.16910\/jemr.7.5.2","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.7.5.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08786-3_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Gregory Trafton and Susan\u00a0B. Trickett. 2001. Note-Taking for Self-Explanation and Problem Solving. Human\u2013Computer Interaction 16 1 (March 2001) 1\u201338. 10.1207\/s15327051hci1601_1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1601_1"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706598.3714024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:59:21Z","timestamp":1751605161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706598.3714024","10.1145\/3706598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3714024","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}