{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:31:51Z","timestamp":1776115911884,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":41,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714118","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T05:30:26Z","timestamp":1745472626000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Reduced Feature Sets for American Sign Language Dictionaries"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5836-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Kosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Data, & Information Sciences, University of Wisconsin?Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aashaka","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-3155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex X","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9413-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E.","family":"Ladner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7846-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Bragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Willaim\u00a0Woods ASL. 2016. Sign language around the world."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0A Augustus Elsie Ritchie and Suzanne Stecker. 2013. The official american sign language writing textbook. Los Angeles CA: ASLized (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbin Battison. 1974. Phonological deletion in American sign language. Sign language studies 5 1 (1974) 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.1974.0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Robbin Battison. 1978. Lexical borrowing in American sign language. (1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"A prosodic model of sign language phonology","author":"Brentari Diane","year":"1998","unstructured":"Diane Brentari. 1998. A prosodic model of sign language phonology. Mit Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"J Brooke. 1996. SUS: A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability Evaluation in Industry (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1229390.1229401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"DeafTEC. [n. d.]. https:\/\/deaftec.org\/stem-dictionary\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Aashaka Desai Lauren Berger Fyodor Minakov Nessa Milano Chinmay Singh Kriston Pumphrey Richard Ladner Hal Daum\u00e9\u00a0III Alex\u00a0X Lu Naomi Caselli et\u00a0al. 2024. ASL Citizen: A Community-Sourced Dataset for Advancing Isolated Sign Language Recognition. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Ethnologue.com. [n. d.]. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. http:\/\/ethnologue.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Institute for Disabilities\u00a0Research and Inc Training. 2013. The Ultimate American Sign Language Dictionary."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Lynn\u00a0A Friedman. 1977. Formational properties of American sign language. On the other hand New perspectives on American sign language (1977)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nancy Frishberg. 1975. Arbitrariness and iconicity: historical change in American Sign Language. Language (1975) 696\u2013719.","DOI":"10.2307\/412894"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11788713_89"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"sign-lang@ LREC 2004","author":"Hanke Thomas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thomas Hanke. 2004. HamNoSys\u2013representing sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts. In sign-lang@ LREC 2004. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalervo J\u00e4rvelin and Jaana Kek\u00e4l\u00e4inen. 2002. Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 20 4 (2002) 422\u2013446.","DOI":"10.1145\/582415.582418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"J Lapiak. [n. d.]. Handspeak. https:\/\/www.handspeak.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Modern Language Association","author":"Looney Dennis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dennis Looney and Natalia Lusin. 2018. Enrollments in Languages Other than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Summer 2016 and Fall 2016: Preliminary Report.. In Modern Language Association. ERIC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross\u00a0E Mitchell Travas\u00a0A Young Bellamie Bachelda and Michael\u00a0A Karchmer. 2006. How many people use ASL in the United States? Why estimates need updating. Sign Language Studies 6 3 (2006) 306\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2006.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"J Murray. 2020. World Federation of the deaf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"SignFont Handbook","author":"Newkirk Don","year":"1987","unstructured":"Don Newkirk. 1987. SignFont Handbook. San Diego: Emerson and Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"David Peterson. 2013. Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA). http:\/\/dedalvs.conlang.org\/slipa.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergio Scolari Onno Crasborn and Gilson Braviano. 2022. Searching for Signs: Developing a handshape taxonomy based on visual similarity. International Journal of Lexicography 35 3 (2022) 320\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/ecac004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zed\u00a0Sevcikova Sehyr Naomi Caselli Ariel\u00a0M Cohen-Goldberg and Karen Emmorey. 2021. The ASL-LEX 2.0 Project: A database of lexical and phonological properties for 2 723 signs in American Sign Language. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 26 2 (2021) 263\u2013277.","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"ShuR. [n. d.]. SLintoDictionary. http:\/\/slinto.com\/us"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"Signing naturally","author":"Smith Cheri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheri Smith, Ella\u00a0Mae Lentz, and Ken Mikos. 2008. Signing naturally. DawnSignPress San Diego, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"William\u00a0C Stokoe Dorothy\u00a0C Casterline and Carl\u00a0G Croneberg. 1976. A dictionary of American Sign Language on linguistic principles. (No Title) (1976)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William\u00a0C Stokoe\u00a0Jr. 2005. Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Journal of deaf studies and deaf education 10 1 (2005) 3\u201337.","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/eni001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"Thomas Stone. 2009. ASLSJ. https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/aslsignjotting\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"Samuel Supalla. 2012. ASL-phabet. http:\/\/www.aslphabet.com\/home.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","unstructured":"Valerie Sutton. 2010. The SignWriting Alphabet. Read and Write any Sign Language in the World. ISWA Manual (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"The American sign language handshape dictionary","author":"Tennant Richard\u00a0A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0A Tennant and Marianne\u00a0Gluszak Brown. 1998. The American sign language handshape dictionary. Gallaudet University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35749-7_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191028.191031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bencie Woll. 2017. The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction.","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2017.0018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayo Yin Chinmay Singh Fyodor\u00a0O Minakov Vanessa Milan Hal Daum\u00e9\u00a0III Cyril Zhang Alex\u00a0X Lu and Danielle Bragg. 2024. ASL STEM Wiki: Dataset and Benchmark for Interpreting STEM Articles. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2411.05783 (2024).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.801"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706598.3714118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:54:37Z","timestamp":1751608477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706598.3714118","10.1145\/3706598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3714118","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}