{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:09:18Z","timestamp":1776114558865,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":46,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62132010, 62472244, 62102221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62132010, 62472244, 62102221"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University Initiative Scientifc Research Program"},{"name":"Undergraduate Education Innovation Grants, Tsinghua University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714181","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:40:09Z","timestamp":1745469609000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unknown Word Detection for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners using Gaze and Pre-trained Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9599-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiexin","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Global Innovation Exchange (GIX) Institute, Tsinghua University, Bejing, China and Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groundlight AI, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4249-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuntao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8591-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6634-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2123-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishan","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanchun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K18-1030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria Barrett and Nora Hollenstein. 2020. Sequence labelling and sequence classification with gaze: Novel uses of eye-tracking data for Natural Language Processing. Language and Linguistics Compass 14 11 (2020) 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Bates and H.\u00a0O. Istance. 2003. Why Are Eye Mice Unpopular? A Detailed Comparison of Head and Eye Controlled Assistive Technology Pointing Devices. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. 2 3 (oct 2003) 280\u2013290. 10.1007\/s10209-003-0053-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-003-0053-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit","author":"Bird Steven","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper. 2009. Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit. \" O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc.\"."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carmen Bisogni Michele Nappi Genoveffa Tortora and Alberto Del Bimbo. 2024. Gaze analysis: A survey on its applications. Image and Vision Computing 144 (2024) 104961. 10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.104961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.104961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert Bixler and Sidney D\u2019Mello. [n. d.]. Automatic gaze-based user-independent detection of mind wandering during computerized reading. 26 1 ([n. d.]) 33\u201368. 10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhaokang Chen and Bertram\u00a0E. Shi. 2019. Using Variable Dwell Time to Accelerate Gaze-Based Web Browsing with Two-Step Selection. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 35 3 (2019) 240\u2013255. 10.1080\/10447318.2018.1452351 arXiv:10.1080\/10447318.2018.1452351","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1452351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Kiyomi Chujo and Kathryn Oghigian. 2009. How many words do you need to know to understand TOEIC TOEFL & EIKEN? An examination of text coverage and high frequency vocabulary. Journal of Asia TEFL 6 2 (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shuwen Deng David\u00a0R. Reich Paul Prasse Patrick Haller Tobias Scheffer and Lena\u00a0A. J\u00e4ger. 2023. Eyettention: An Attention-based Dual-Sequence Model for Predicting Human Scanpaths during Reading. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7 ETRA Article 162 (May 2023) 24\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3591131","DOI":"10.1145\/3591131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","first-page":"4171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). 4171\u20134186."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piaoyang Du Wei Guo and Shiwei Cheng. [n. d.]. Using eye-tracking for real-time translation: a new approach to improving reading experience. 6 2 ([n. d.]) 150\u2013164. 10.1007\/s42486-024-00150-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s42486-024-00150-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3406853.3432662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paola Dussias. 2010. Uses of Eye-Tracking Data in Second Language Sentence Processing Research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30 (03 2010) 149 \u2013 166. 10.1017\/S026719051000005X","DOI":"10.1017\/S026719051000005X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1719970.1719978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2017.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351529.3360659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brett\u00a0J. Hashimoto and Jesse Egbert. 2019. More Than Frequency? Exploring Predictors of Word Difficulty for Second Language Learners. Language Learning 69 4 (2019) 839\u2013872. 10.1111\/lang.12353 arXiv:https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/lang.12353","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2993148.2993167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"Hollenstein Nora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nora Hollenstein, Marius Troendle, Ce Zhang, and Nicolas Langer. 2020. ZuCo 2.0: A Dataset of Physiological Recordings During Natural Reading and Annotation. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Nicoletta Calzolari, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric B\u00e9chet, Philippe Blache, Khalid Choukri, Christopher Cieri, Thierry Declerck, Sara Goggi, Hitoshi Isahara, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Mazo, Asuncion Moreno, Jan Odijk, and Stelios Piperidis (Eds.). European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, 138\u2013146. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.lrec-1.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Hollenstein Nora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nora Hollenstein and Ce Zhang. 2019. Entity Recognition at First Sight: Improving NER with Eye Movement Information. In North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Matthew Honnibal Ines Montani Sofie Van\u00a0Landeghem and Adriane Boyd. 2020. spaCy: Industrial-strength natural language processing in python. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Aulikki Hyrskykari. 2006. Eyes in attentive interfaces : experiences from creating iDict a gaze-aware reading aid \/. (01 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcel\u00a0A Just and Patricia\u00a0A Carpenter. 1980. A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological review 87 4 (1980) 329.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.87.4.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851613.2851681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Change Liu Chun Yu Xiangyang Wang Jianxiao Jiang Tiaoao Yang Bingda Tang Yingtian Shi Chen Liang and Yuanchun Shi. 2024. CalibRead: Unobtrusive Eye Tracking Calibration from Natural Reading Behavior. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 8 4 Article 154 (Nov. 2024) 30\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3699737","DOI":"10.1145\/3699737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiahui Liu Jiannan Chi Huijie Yang and Xucheng Yin. 2022. In the eye of the beholder: A survey of gaze tracking techniques. Pattern Recognition 132 (2022) 108944. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.108944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.108944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu Myle Ott Naman Goyal Jingfei Du Mandar Joshi Danqi Chen Omer Levy Mike Lewis Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1907.11692 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yunfei Long Rong Xiang Qin Lu Chu-Ren Huang and Minglei Li. 2021. Improving Attention Model Based on Cognition Grounded Data for Sentiment Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 12 4 (2021) 900\u2013912. 10.1109\/TAFFC.2019.2903056","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2019.2903056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad\u00a0Azman Mokhtar and Rafizah\u00a0Mohd Rawian. 2012. Guessing word meaning from context has its limit: Why. International Journal of Linguistics 4 2 (2012) 288\u2013305.","DOI":"10.5296\/ijl.v4i2.1237"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Handbook of Practical Second Language Teaching and Learning","author":"Nation Paul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Paul Nation. 1990. Teaching and learning vocabulary. In Handbook of Practical Second Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge, 397\u2013408."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702613.2732896"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"Colin Raffel Noam Shazeer Adam Roberts Katherine Lee Sharan Narang Michael Matena Yanqi Zhou Wei Li and Peter\u00a0J Liu. 2020. Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. The Journal of Machine Learning Research 21 1 (2020) 5485\u20135551."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-907X(05)80003-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keith Rayner. 1998. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin 124 3 (1998) 372.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.124.3.372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pat Rigg. 1991. Whole language in TESOL. Tesol Quarterly 25 3 (1991) 521\u2013542.","DOI":"10.2307\/3586982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charles Sanches Olivier Augereau and Koichi Kise. 2016. Vertical error correction of eye trackers in nonrestrictive reading condition. IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications 8 (12 2016). 10.1186\/s41074-016-0008-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s41074-016-0008-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2017.377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norbert Schmitt Diane Schmitt and Caroline Clapham. 2001. Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language testing 18 1 (2001) 55\u201388.","DOI":"10.1177\/026553220101800103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/354401.354418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","first-page":"6327","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Sood Ekta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ekta Sood, Simon Tannert, Philipp Mueller, and Andreas Bulling. 2020. Improving Natural Language Processing Tasks with Human Gaze-Guided Neural Attention. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , H.\u00a0Larochelle, M.\u00a0Ranzato, R.\u00a0Hadsell, M.F. Balcan, and H.\u00a0Lin (Eds.), Vol.\u00a033. Curran Associates, Inc., 6327\u20136341. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2020\/file\/460191c72f67e90150a093b4585e7eb4-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19857-6_55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","first-page":"9154","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)","author":"Zermiani Francesca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Francesca Zermiani, Prajit Dhar, Ekta Sood, Fabian K\u00f6gel, Andreas Bulling, and Maria Wirzberger. 2024. InteRead: An Eye Tracking Dataset of Interrupted Reading. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), Nicoletta Calzolari, Min-Yen Kan, Veronique Hoste, Alessandro Lenci, Sakriani Sakti, and Nianwen Xue (Eds.). ELRA and ICCL, Torino, Italia, 9154\u20139169. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2024.lrec-main.802"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706598.3714181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:52:54Z","timestamp":1751608374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706598.3714181","10.1145\/3706598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3714181","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}