{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:28:34Z","timestamp":1776115714306,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":73,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714288","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:24:33Z","timestamp":1745465073000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FreeForm: Flexibly Augmenting Formulas with Synchronized Markup and Graphical Edits"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5077-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Litao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6260-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Ginsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Exponential Improvements","author":"Alexander Andrew\u00a0M.H.","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0M.H. Alexander. [n. d.]. Exponential Improvements. http:\/\/www.andrusia.com\/math\/complex-numbers\/eulers-identity.pdf Last accessed September 12, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Radiation by an Accelerated Charge: Scattering by Free and Bound Electrons","author":"Attwood David","unstructured":"David Attwood. [n. d.]. Radiation by an Accelerated Charge: Scattering by Free and Bound Electrons. https:\/\/people.eecs.berkeley.edu\/\u00a0attwood\/srms\/2007\/04_new_2007.pdf Last accessed September 12, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"AxMath [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.axsoft.co\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Ayres. 2006. Impact of Reducing Intrinsic Cognitive Load on Learning in a Mathematical Domain. Applied Cognitive Psychology 20 3 (2006) 287\u2013298.","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 2 (2006) 77\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Thecolorpackage","author":"Carlisle David\u00a0P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"David\u00a0P. Carlisle. 1997. Thecolorpackage."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Everyday data science","author":"Carr Andrew\u00a0N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0N Carr. 2021. Everyday data science."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davide Cervone. 2012. MathJax: A Platform for Mathematics on the Web. Notices of the American Mathematical Society 59 02 (Feb. 2012) 1.","DOI":"10.1090\/noti794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2908080.2908103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"The Jupyter\u00a0Book Community. [n. d.]. Jupyter Book."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Practical nonparametric statistics","author":"Conover WJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"WJ Conover. 1999. Practical nonparametric statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452230153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. 2024. Microsoft Powerpoint."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. 2024. Microsoft Word."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Will Crichton. [n. d.]. A New Medium for Communicating Research on Programming Languages. https:\/\/willcrichton.net\/nota\/. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diana Dee-Lucas and Jill\u00a0H Larkin. 1991. Equations in scientific proofs: Effects on comprehension. American Educational Research Journal 28 3 (1991) 661\u2013682.","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312028003661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2047196.2047229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1218563.1218573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Equation Editor for online mathematics - create integrate and download [n. d.]. https:\/\/editor.codecogs.com\/. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Projectional Editing","author":"Fowler Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin Fowler. 2008. Projectional Editing. https:\/\/martinfowler.com\/bliki\/ProjectionalEditing.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milton Friedman. 1937. The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the american statistical association 32 200 (1937) 675\u2013701.","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1937.10503522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tess\u00a0N. Grainger Athmanathan Senthilnathan Po-Ju Ke Matthew\u00a0A. Barbour Natalie\u00a0T. Jones John\u00a0P. DeLong Sarah\u00a0P. Otto Mary\u00a0I. O\u2019connor Kyle\u00a0E. Coblentz Nikunj Goel et\u00a0al. 2022. An empiricist\u2019s guide to using ecological theory. The American Naturalist 199 1 (2022) 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1086\/717206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.R.G. Green and M. Petre. 1996. Usability Analysis of Visual Programming Environments: A \u2018Cognitive Dimensions\u2019 Framework. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 7 2 (1996) 131\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.1996.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sam Greydanus and Chris Olah. 2019. The Paths Perspective on Value Learning. https:\/\/distill.pub\/2019\/paths-perspective-on-value-learning. Distill (2019).","DOI":"10.23915\/distill.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery Harrison Hannah Smith Taylyn Hulse and Erin\u00a0R. Ottmar. 2020. Spacing Out! Manipulating Spatial Features in Mathematical Expressions Affects Performance. Journal of Numerical Cognition 6 2 (Sept. 2020) 186\u2013203.","DOI":"10.5964\/jnc.v6i2.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"CodeMirror","author":"Haverbeke Marijn","unstructured":"Marijn Haverbeke, Adrian Heine, et\u00a0al. [n. d.]. CodeMirror. https:\/\/codemirror.net\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"Sture Holm. 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian journal of statistics (1979) 65\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"HostMath - Online LaTeX formula editor and browser based math equation editor [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.hostmath.com\/. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"Yung Hsin\u00a0I. and Fred Paas. 2015. Effects of Computer-Based Visual Representation on Mathematics Learning and Cognitive Load. Journal of Educational Technology & Society 18 4 (2015) 70\u201377."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"Adobe Inc.[n. d.]. Adobe Illustrator."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"Supplement Phy374 Spring 2006: Maxwell\u2019s equations","author":"Jacobson Ted","unstructured":"Ted Jacobson. [n. d.]. Supplement Phy374 Spring 2006: Maxwell\u2019s equations. https:\/\/www.physics.umd.edu\/grt\/taj\/374a\/maxwell374a.pdf Last accessed September 12, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","volume-title":"annotate-equations \u2013 Easily annotate math equations using TikZ","author":"John ST","year":"2023","unstructured":"ST John and other contributors. 2023. annotate-equations \u2013 Easily annotate math equations using TikZ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenhui Kang Jin Huang Qingshan Tong Qiang Fu Feng Tian and Guozhong Dai. 2024. MathAssist: A Handwritten Mathematical Expression Autocomplete Technique. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/3640543.3645149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379337.3415842"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","unstructured":"Philipp K\u00fchl and Daniel Kirsch. [n. d.]. Detexify LaTeX handwritten symbol recognition. https:\/\/detexify.kirelabs.org\/classify.html. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Landy and Robert\u00a0L. Goldstone. 2007. Formal notations are diagrams: Evidence from a production task. Memory & Cognition 35 (2007) 2033\u20132040.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"LaTeX - A document preparation system [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.latex-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PacificVis60374.2024.00048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Leung Renae Low and John Sweller. 1997. Learning from equations or words. Instructional Science 25 (1997) 37\u201370.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002969618881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3550469.3555395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_2","unstructured":"LyX | LyX - The Document Processor [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.lyx.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_2","volume-title":"The mathtools package","author":"Madsen Lars","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lars Madsen, Will Robertson, and Joseph Wright. 2014. The mathtools package."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_2","unstructured":"Manim Community [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.manim.community\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"Mathcha - Online Math Editor [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.mathcha.io\/. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_2","unstructured":"Inc. Notion\u00a0Labs. [n. d.]. Notion."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_2","unstructured":"Online Latex Editor | Tutorialspoint [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.tutorialspoint.com\/online_latex_editor.php. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_2","unstructured":"Online LaTeX Equation Editor [n. d.]. https:\/\/latexeditor.lagrida.com\/. Last accessed September 12 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnus \u00d6sterholm. 2008. Do students need to learn how to use their mathematics textbooks? The case of reading comprehension. NOMAD Nordic Studies in Mathematics Education 13 3 (2008) 53\u201373.","DOI":"10.7146\/nomad.v13i3.148124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_2","volume-title":"About Us","unstructured":"Overleaf. [n. d.]. About Us. https:\/\/www.overleaf.com\/about Last accessed 12 September 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_57_2","unstructured":"The\u00a0 LaTeX Project. [n. d.]. LaTeX. https:\/\/www.latex-project.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin\u00a0E. Satterthwaite. 1946. An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components. Biometrics bulletin 2 6 (1946) 110\u2013114.","DOI":"10.2307\/3002019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1167473.1167511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_61_2","volume-title":"MathOverflow","unstructured":"StackExchange. [n. d.]. MathOverflow. https:\/\/mathoverflow.net\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Sweller. 2010. Element interactivity and intrinsic extraneous and germane cognitive load. Educational psychology review 22 (2010) 123\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9128-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2678025.2701400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John\u00a0W Tukey. 1949. Comparing individual means in the analysis of variance. Biometrics (1949) 99\u2013114.","DOI":"10.2307\/3001913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Joris van\u00a0der Hoeven. [n. d.]. TeXmacs."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_67_2","volume-title":"GEMOC@MoDELS","author":"V\u00f6lter Markus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Markus V\u00f6lter and Sascha Lisson. 2014. Supporting Diverse Notations in MPS\u2019 Projectional Editor. In GEMOC@MoDELS."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theresa\u00a0E. Wege Sophie Batchelor Matthew Inglis Honali Mistry and Dirk Schlimm. 2020. Iconicity in Mathematical Notation: Commutativity and Symmetry. Journal of Numerical Cognition 6 3 (2020) 378\u2013392.","DOI":"10.5964\/jnc.v6i3.314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FTC.2016.7821641"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379337.3415851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866035"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3706598.3714288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:56:17Z","timestamp":1751604977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3706598.3714288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3706598.3714288","10.1145\/3706598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3714288","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}