{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:03:17Z","timestamp":1776103397277,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":47,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Kingdom Research and Innovation","award":["10039052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10039052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3708359.3712079","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T12:50:34Z","timestamp":1742388634000},"page":"127-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Advancing Affective Intelligence in Virtual Agents Using Affect Control Theory"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1543-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evdoxia Eirini","family":"Lithoxoidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Eleftherakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State University, Brandywine, Pennsylvania, USA,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Votis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4927-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Prescott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"2021. Euclidean Distance for finding Similarity. https:\/\/mlforanalytics.com\/2018\/04\/01\/euclidean-distance-for-finding-similarity\/. [Accessed 11-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Nabiha Asghar Ivan Kobyzev Jesse Hoey Pascal Poupart and Muhammad\u00a0Bilal Sheikh. 2020. Generating emotionally aligned responses in dialogues using affect control theory. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2003.03645 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Nicolas Bertagnolli. 2020. Counsel chat: Bootstrapping high-quality therapy data."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Nicolas Bertagnolli. 2023. Counsel chat: Bootstrapping high-quality therapy data. https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/counsel-chat-bootstrapping-high-quality-therapy-data-971b419f33da"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15892-6_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308557.3308726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04380-2_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caroline de Cock Madison Milne-Ives Michelle\u00a0Helena van Velthoven Abrar Alturkistani Ching Lam Edward Meinert et\u00a0al. 2020. Effectiveness of conversational agents (virtual assistants) in health care: protocol for a systematic review. JMIR research protocols 9 3 (2020) e16934.","DOI":"10.2196\/16934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jill\u00a0A Dosso Ela Bandari Aarti Malhotra Gabriella\u00a0K Guerra Jesse Hoey Fran\u00e7ois Michaud Tony\u00a0J Prescott and Julie\u00a0M Robillard. 2022. User perspectives on emotionally aligned social robots for older adults and persons living with dementia. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 9 (2022) 20556683221108364.","DOI":"10.1177\/20556683221108364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2522628.2522633"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjarke Felbo Alan Mislove Anders S\u00f8gaard Iyad Rahwan and Sune Lehmann. 2017. Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment emotion and sarcasm. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1708.00524 (2017).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harry\u00a0F Gollob. 1968. Impression formation and word combination in sentences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10 4 (1968) 341.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"David Heise. 2010. Affect Control Theory. https:\/\/affectcontroltheory.org\/resources-for-researchers\/tools-and-software\/interact\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Heise. 1969. Affectual dynamics in simple sentences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 11 3 (1969) 204.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Heise. 1970. Potency dynamics in simple sentences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 1 (1970) 48.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Heise. 1977. Social action as the control of affect. Behavioral Science 22 3 (1977) 163\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830220303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Heise. 2002. Understanding social interaction with affect control theory. New directions in contemporary sociological theory (2002) 17\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315025773-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315025773-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sophie\u00a0CF Hendrikse Sem Kluiver Jan Treur Tom\u00a0F Wilderjans Suzanne Dikker and Sander\u00a0L Koole. 2023. How virtual agents can learn to synchronize: an adaptive joint decision-making model of psychotherapy. Cognitive Systems Research 79 (2023) 138\u2013155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2022.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seung-A\u00a0Annie Jin. 2010. The effects of incorporating a virtual agent in a computer-aided test designed for stress management education: The mediating role of enjoyment. Computers in Human Behavior 26 3 (2010) 443\u2013451.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christos Kyrlitsias and Despina Michael-Grigoriou. 2022. Social interaction with agents and avatars in immersive virtual environments: A survey. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2 (2022) 786665.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.786665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamy Li Ren\u00e9 Kizilcec Jeremy Bailenson and Wendy Ju. 2016. Social robots and virtual agents as lecturers for video instruction. Computers in Human Behavior 55 (2016) 1222\u20131230.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09767-1_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1394281.1394294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77599-5_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takashi Numata Hiroki Sato Yasuhiro Asa Takahiko Koike Kohei Miyata Eri Nakagawa Motofumi Sumiya and Norihiro Sadato. 2020. Achieving affective human\u2013virtual agent communication by enabling virtual agents to imitate positive expressions. Scientific reports 10 1 (2020) 5977.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62870-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. ChatGPT. https:\/\/openai.com\/chatgpt\/. [Accessed 11-09-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaval Parmar Stefan Olafsson Dina Utami Prasanth Murali and Timothy Bickmore. 2022. Designing empathic virtual agents: manipulating animation voice rendering and empathy to create persuasive agents. Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems 36 1 (2022) 17.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-021-09539-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julie\u00a0M Robillard and Jesse Hoey. 2018. Emotion and motivation in cognitive assistive technologies for dementia. Computer 51 3 (2018) 24\u201334.","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.1731059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Affect Control Theories of Social Interaction and Self","author":"Robinson Dawn\u00a0T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dawn\u00a0T. Robinson and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 2018. Affect Control Theories of Social Interaction and Self. Stanford University Press, Redwood City, 139\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.1515\/9781503605626-008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Dawn\u00a0T Robinson Lynn Smith-Lovin Bryan\u00a0C Cannon Jesse\u00a0K Clark Robert Freeland Jonathan\u00a0H Morgan and Kimberly\u00a0B Rogers. 2016. Mean affective ratings of 932 identities 810 behaviors and 660 modifiers by University of Georgia undergraduates in 2012-2014. Distributed at UGA Affect Control Theory Website (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296631"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308532.3329474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3361785.3361805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tibert Verhagen Jaap Van\u00a0Nes Frans Feldberg and Willemijn Van\u00a0Dolen. 2014. Virtual customer service agents: Using social presence and personalization to shape online service encounters. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 3 (2014) 529\u2013545.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaac Wang and Jaime Ruiz. 2021. Examining the use of nonverbal communication in virtual agents. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 37 17 (2021) 1648\u20131673.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1898851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490099.3511124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenji Yokotani Gen Takagi and Kobun Wakashima. 2018. Advantages of virtual agents over clinical psychologists during comprehensive mental health interviews using a mixed methods design. Computers in human behavior 85 (2018) 135\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanping Zhang Changyong Liang and Xiaodong Li. 2024. Understanding virtual agents\u2019 service quality in the context of customer service: A fit-viability perspective. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 65 (2024) 101380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2024.101380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelle\u00a0X Zhou Gloria Mark Jingyi Li and Huahai Yang. 2019. Trusting virtual agents: The effect of personality. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) 9 2-3 (2019) 1\u201336.","DOI":"10.1145\/3232077"}],"event":{"name":"IUI '25: 30th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","location":"Cagliari Italy","acronym":"IUI '25","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3708359.3712079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3708359.3712079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:09:45Z","timestamp":1750295385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3708359.3712079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3708359.3712079","10.1145\/3708359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3708359.3712079","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}