{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:44:31Z","timestamp":1773330271664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023YFB2703600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2703600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023A1515010746, 2023A1515012292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515010746, 2023A1515012292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants","award":["62372492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372492"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Comments play a crucial role in code comprehension and maintenance. This is particularly vital when the code is changed, as comments should be promptly updated to maintain consistency between the code and the comments. Existing comment update methods usually treat code as natural language text, ignore the information of code structure, and often fail when code changes are not associated with comment updates (called a non-code-indicative update (NCIU)). Therefore, we propose a Transformer and Graph neural network-based Comment UPdate method (TG-CUP). The model integrates the information of old comment, code edit sequence, and AST-Difference Graph to update the outdated comments. The experimental results show that TG-CUP increased by 5.16% and 2.23% compared with the most advanced methods on Accuracy and Recall@5, and the performance on NCIUs is improved as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3708474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T16:57:34Z","timestamp":1734022654000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["TG-CUP: A Transformer and GNN-Based Multi-Modal Comment Updating Method"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5657-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1691-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Blockchain, Guangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8234-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Communication, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Blockchain, Guangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zibin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Blockchain, Guangzhou, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wasi Ahmad Saikat Chakraborty Baishakhi Ray and Kai-Wei Chang. 2020. A transformer-based approach for source code summarization. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4998\u20135007. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.449","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.449"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1639950.1640047"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434280"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-023-4127-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3128234"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1085313.1085331"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642937.2642982"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCRE.2007.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Ian Goodfellow Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville. 2016. Deep Learning. MIT Press. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.deeplearningbook.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611664"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196321.3196334"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.2718"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582570"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2019.2931725"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110754"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2772"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3183440.3194960"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207651"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/NLBSE59153.2023.00012","article-title":"Performance comparison of binary machine learning classifiers in identifying code comment types: An exploratory study","author":"Indika Amila","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amila Indika, Peter Washington, and Anthony Peruma. 2023. Performance comparison of binary machine learning classifiers in identifying code comment types: An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language-Based Software Engineering (NLBSE), 20\u201323. Retrieved from https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:257280076","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Natural Language-Based Software Engineering (NLBSE)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-022-00341-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1626355.1626389"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3185458"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2018.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3138909"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE\/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results (ICSE-NIER)","author":"Louis Annie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Annie Louis, Santanu Kumar Dash, Earl T. Barr, Michael D. Ernst, and Charles Sutton. 2020. Where should I comment my code? A dataset and model for predicting locations that need comments. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE\/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results (ICSE-NIER), 21\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111947"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3623351"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00073"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-2097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","unstructured":"Courtney Napoles Keisuke Sakaguchi Matt Post and Joel Tetreault. 2016. GLEU Without Tuning. arXiv:1605.02592. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1605.02592"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0096-0551(85)90018-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15187-3_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2017.8115624"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denise Rey and Markus Neuh\u00e4user. 2011. Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank Test. Springer Berlin 1658\u20131659. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-642-04898-2_616","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04898-2_616"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3033962"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2627435.2670313"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCAM51674.2020.00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS XI)","author":"Tan Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin Tan and Ding Yuan. 2007. HotComments: How to make program comments more useful?. In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS XI). USENIX Association. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/hotos-xi\/hotcomments-how-make-program-comments-more-useful"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295349"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","unstructured":"Ashwin K. Vijayakumar Michael Cogswell Ramprasaath R. Selvaraju Qing Sun Stefan Lee David J. Crandall and Dhruv Batra. 2016. Diverse beam search: Decoding diverse solutions from neural sequence models. arXiv:1610.02424 Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1610.02424"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2019.00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00107"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the significance of category prediction for code-comment synchronization","volume":"32","author":"Yang Zhen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhen Yang, Jacky Wai Keung, Xiao Yu, Yan Xiao, Zhi Jin, and Jingyu Zhang. 2022. On the significance of category prediction for code-comment synchronization. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 32 (2022), 1\u201341. Retrieved from https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:248990204","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1083142.1083152"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380383"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501256"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524610.3527901"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3708474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3708474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:09:54Z","timestamp":1750295394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3708474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3708474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3708474","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}