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In Project HSD at Microsoft Research we asked the question: \u201cDoes holographic storage finally make sense for cloud storage?\u201d This article describes our journey toward answering this question.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We achieved 1.8\u00d7 higher density than the previous state-of-the-art, using commodity components available today and leveraging machine learning to compensate for the noise and distortions introduced by commodity components. This uncovered two new challenges which are the focus of this article: achieving high end-to-end energy efficiency without sacrificing capacity, and spatial multiplexing without mechanical movement.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Improving end-to-end energy efficiency requires joint optimization across low-level media parameters and higher-level system parameters that govern background maintenance operations such as read refresh and garbage collection. We developed new physics models of the media; analytic and simulation models of the media access and background media maintenance; and workload-driven optimization to find optimal parameter combinations. These techniques resulted in a 14\u00d7 improvement over the previous approach for typical workloads without sacrificing capacity. We also designed the first scalable and mechanical movement free spatial multiplexing system for holographic storage.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Despite these advances, we conclude that currently, holographic storage is still far from the combination of density, capacity scaling, and energy efficiency needed to compete with the incumbent technologies. We need fundamental advances in the physical media that improve energy efficiency by another 1\u20132 orders of magnitude without reducing data density. Further advances in optics are also required to achieve spatial multiplexing that is simultaneously scalable, low-loss, and high-density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3708993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T10:07:34Z","timestamp":1734689254000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Holographic Storage for the Cloud: advances and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5661-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathana\u00ebl","family":"Cheriere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4744-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom 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