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A long-standing challenge in tuning has been to associate a causal relationship between a configuration change and a service performance impact. Confounders (or, external factors) make this extremely hard. In this paper, we focus on improving configuration tuning in the presence of confounders for 5G Non-standalone (NSA) networks. We propose a new solution Iridescence that uses advanced machine learning techniques such as XGBoost or transformers to first de-confound the performance impacts, and then improve the impact classification process for configuration tuning. We thoroughly evaluate Iridescence using a very large data set collected from an operational 5G NSA network. We share our findings with network engineering and operations teams and confirm the configuration changes that have high likelihood of improving the 5G NSA performance. Our preliminary trials demonstrate that Iridescence can achieve performance improvements in operational 5G networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3709378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T12:15:54Z","timestamp":1741263354000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Iridescence: Improving Configuration Tuning in the Presence of Confounders for 5G NSA Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhan","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4131-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Mahimkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihui","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3421-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4583-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1174-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shomik","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4414-6753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maulik","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AT&amp;T, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Telecommunication management","author":"GPP LTE TS","year":"2015","unstructured":"2015. 3GPP LTE TS 32.500. 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