{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:49:00Z","timestamp":1776109740457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2310515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2310515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we seek to understand how grassroots activists, operating within the hegemony of data-centrism, are often disempowered by data even as they appropriate it towards their own ends. We posit that the shift towards data-driven governance and organizing, by elevating a particular epistemology, can pave over other ways of knowing that are central to social movement practices. Building on Muravyov's [102] concept of ''epistemological ambiguity,'' we demonstrate how data-focused activism requires complex navigations between data-based epistemologies and the heterogeneous, experiential, and relational epistemologies that characterize social movements. Through three case studies (two drawn from existing literature and the third being an original analysis), we provide an analytical model of how generative epistemological refusals can support more value-aligned navigations of epistemological ambiguity that resist data-centrism. Finally, we suggest how these findings can inform pedagogy, research, and technology design to support communities navigating datafied political arenas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3710911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:36:19Z","timestamp":1747740979000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From Data Activism to Activism in a Time of Data-Centrism: Affirming Epistemological Heterogeneity in Social Movements"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0543-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"McKane","family":"Andrus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9990-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sucheta","family":"Ghoshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayamindu","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X221116356nolinkurl10.1177\/0739456X221116356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134654nolinkurl10.1145\/3134654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2024. The 2024 Zapatista Encuentro: A Report-back with Footage of a Play about the Movement to Stop Cop City. https:\/\/crimethinc.com\/2024\/01\/18\/the-2024-zapatista-encuentro-report-back-and-footage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Anti-Eviction Mapping Project. [n. d.]. Ellis Act Evictions in San Francisco. https:\/\/www.antievictionmappingproject.net\/ellis.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Counterpoints: A San Francisco Bay Area Atlas of Displacement & Resistance","author":"Mapping Project Anti-Eviction","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anti-Eviction Mapping Project. 2021. Counterpoints: A San Francisco Bay Area Atlas of Displacement & Resistance. PM Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v24i4.9831nolinkurl10.5210\/fm.v24i4.9831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675156nolinkurl10.1145\/2675133.2675156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--981--10--3581--413nolinkurl10.1007\/978--981--10--3581--413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17351\/ests2022.1233nolinkurl10.17351\/ests2022.1233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency","volume":"81","author":"Barabas Chelsea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chelsea Barabas, Karthik Dinakar, Joichi Ito, Madars Virza, and Jonathan Zittrain. 2018. Interventions over Predictions: Reframing the Ethical Debate for Actuarial Risk Assessment. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, Vol. 81 (2018), 62--76. arxiv: 1712.08238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Erica Barnett. 2022a. Most City Shelter ''Referrals'' Don't Lead to Shelter Police Preemptively Barricade Encampment Against Protests City Says It Can't Risk Handing HOPE Team to County. https:\/\/publicola.com\/2022\/03\/18\/most-city-shelter-referrals-dont-lead-to-shelter-police-preemptively-barricade-encampment-against-protests-city-says-it-cant-risk-handing-hope-team-to-county\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Erica Barnett. 2022b. New Homelessness ''Data Dashboard'' Highlights Harrell Administration's Priorities--Including Sweeps. https:\/\/publicola.com\/2022\/06\/01\/new-homelessness-data-dashboard-highlights-harrell-administrations-priorities-including-sweeps\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America","author":"Battle-Baptiste Witney","unstructured":"Witney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert. 2018. W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America. Chronicle Books, Hudson, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719885967nolinkurl10.1177\/2053951719885967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Data Power in Action","author":"Blake Evan","unstructured":"Evan Blake, Nancy Odendaal, and Ola S''oderstr''om. 2023. Beyond `Data Positivism': Civil Society Organizations' Data and Knowledge Tactics in South Africa. In Data Power in Action. Bristol University Press, Chapter Data Power in Action, 204--226."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025694nolinkurl10.1145\/3025453.3025694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Bowker and Susan Leigh Star","author":"Geoffrey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star. 2000. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221089302nolinkurl10.1177\/20539517221089302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822375302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312718784656nolinkurl10.1177\/0306312718784656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610214nolinkurl10.1145\/3610214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2021.0099nolinkurl10.1089\/env.2021.0099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14747731.2014.1001231nolinkurl10.1080\/14747731.2014.1001231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Will Casey. 2022. Council Member Opposes Mayor's Plan to Spend $1 Million on Unproven Surveillance Tech. https:\/\/www.thestranger.com\/news\/2022\/09\/29\/78549071\/mayor-harrell-proposes-1-million-for-questionable-surveillance-tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14742837.2012.664894nolinkurl10.1080\/14742837.2012.664894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Learning Activism: The Intellectual Life of Contemporary Social Movements","author":"Choudry Aziz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aziz Choudry. 2015. Learning Activism: The Intellectual Life of Contemporary Social Movements. University of Toronto Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Jasmine Rault, Tonia Sutherland, Anita Say Chan, Jennifer Rode, Anna Lauren Hoffmann, Niloufar Salehi, and Lisa Nakamura.","author":"Cifor Marika","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marika Cifor, Patricia Garcia, relax TL Cowan, Jasmine Rault, Tonia Sutherland, Anita Say Chan, Jennifer Rode, Anna Lauren Hoffmann, Niloufar Salehi, and Lisa Nakamura. 2019. Feminist Data Manifest-No."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2019.1644991nolinkurl10.1080\/24694452.2019.1644991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197528778.013.35nolinkurl10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197528778.013.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Tobias Coughlin-Bogue. 2022. Harrell Keeps Mayoral Tradition Alive with New Homelessness Plan. https:\/\/www.realchangenews.org\/news\/2022\/06\/08\/harrell-keeps-mayoral-tradition-alive-new-homelessness-plan."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Red Skin","author":"Coulthard Glen Sean","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glen Sean Coulthard. 2014. Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. E92. C68 2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2017.1408267nolinkurl10.1080\/09523987.2017.1408267"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2021.1920081nolinkurl10.1080\/01972243.2021.1920081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716663566nolinkurl10.1177\/2053951716663566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-02--2018-0052nolinkurl10.1108\/OIR-02--2018-0052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cag.12398nolinkurl10.1111\/cag.12398"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3585088.3589367nolinkurl10.1145\/3585088.3589367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Seattle Must Ban Homeless Encampment Sweeps During Winter. https:\/\/www.thestranger.com\/guest-editor","author":"Daniell Bill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bill Daniell and Amy Hagopian. 2023. Seattle Must Ban Homeless Encampment Sweeps During Winter. https:\/\/www.thestranger.com\/guest-editorial\/2023\/07\/21\/79086573\/ban-homeless-encampment-sweeps-during-winter."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic Rights and Protections for Children, Mizuko It=o, Remy Cross, Karthik Dinakar, and Candice L","author":"Dasgupta Sayamindu","unstructured":"Sayamindu Dasgupta and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2023. Designing for Critical Algorithmic Literacies. In Algorithmic Rights and Protections for Children, Mizuko It=o, Remy Cross, Karthik Dinakar, and Candice L. Odgers (Eds.). The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. QA76.9.C659"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/QROM-01--2017--1483nolinkurl10.1108\/QROM-01--2017--1483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.2.1413nolinkurl10.14763\/2019.2.1413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning","author":"Desrosi\u00e8res Alain","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alain Desrosi\u00e8res. 1998. The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. HA19. D4713 1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3346975nolinkurl10.2307\/3346975showeprint[jstor]3346975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359225nolinkurl10.1145\/3359225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Counting Feminicide: Data Feminism in Action","author":"D'Ignazio Catherine","unstructured":"Catherine D'Ignazio. Forthcoming. Counting Feminicide: Data Feminism in Action. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100530nolinkurl10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Klein","author":"D'Ignazio Catherine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein. 2020. Data Feminism. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. HQ1190. D574 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637433nolinkurl10.1145\/3637433"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-021-00515--4nolinkurl10.1007\/s11524-021-00515--4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579511nolinkurl10.1145\/3579511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14649365.2018.1509111nolinkurl10.1080\/14649365.2018.1509111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025996nolinkurl10.1145\/3025453.3025996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2820068nolinkurl10.1145\/2818048.2820068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780822389439nolinkurl10.1515\/9780822389439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2021.101000nolinkurl10.1016\/j.exis.2021.101000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Eviction Lab. [n. d.]. The Eviction Lab. https:\/\/evictionlab.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach","author":"Eyerman Ron","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ron Eyerman and Andrew Jamison. 1991. Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach. Penn State Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Project Launch: Bay Area Regional Eviction and Legal Services Study.","author":"Farnsworth Irene","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irene Farnsworth, Erin McElroy, Alex Werth, Terra Graziani, and Katy Guimond. 2024. Project Launch: Bay Area Regional Eviction and Legal Services Study."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Todd Feathers. 2021. Police Are Telling ShotSpotter to Alter Evidence From Gunshot-Detecting AI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the Oppressed 30th anniversary ed ed.)","author":"Freire Paulo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paulo Freire. 2000. Pedagogy of the Oppressed 30th anniversary ed ed.). Continuum, New York. LB880.F73 P4313 2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3557997nolinkurl10.1145\/3557997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"A Grassroots Praxis of Technology: View from The South. Ph.,D. Dissertation","author":"Ghoshal Sucheta","unstructured":"Sucheta Ghoshal. 2020. A Grassroots Praxis of Technology: View from The South. Ph.,D. Dissertation. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3392862nolinkurl10.1145\/3392862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California","author":"Gilmore Ruth Wilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ruth Wilson Gilmore. 2007. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. UC Press, Oakland, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Mexico.","volume":"1","author":"Guevara-Hern\u00e1ndez Francisco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Francisco Guevara-Hern\u00e1ndez, J. Ovando-Cruz, Nils McCune, R. Pinto-Ruiz, F.J. Medina-Jonap\u00e1, and Heriberto Castro. 2010. Participatory Power Mapping: A Collective Identification of Development Actors in a Small Cattle Village of Chiapas, Mexico. , Vol. 1 (Sept. 2010), 5--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v24i1.9554nolinkurl10.5210\/fm.v24i1.9554"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350230767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3596088nolinkurl10.1145\/3563657.3596088"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Community Defense","volume":"11","author":"Hamid Sarah T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarah T Hamid. 2020. Community Defense: Sarah T. Hamid on Abolishing Carceral Technologies. Logic Magazine, Vol. 11 (2020), 1--24.","journal-title":"Sarah T. Hamid on Abolishing Carceral Technologies. Logic Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Spiral to the Stars: Mvskoke Tools of Futurity first paperback edition ed.)","author":"Harjo Laura","unstructured":"Laura Harjo. 2019. Spiral to the Stars: Mvskoke Tools of Futurity first paperback edition ed.). The University of Arizona Press, Tucson."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2016.1247599nolinkurl10.1080\/02723638.2016.1247599"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2023.2169668nolinkurl10.1080\/13549839.2023.2169668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Digital Citizenship in a Datafied Society","author":"Hintz Arne","unstructured":"Arne Hintz, Lina Dencik, and Karin Wahl-Jorgensen. 2018. Digital Citizenship in a Datafied Society. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Anna Lauren Hoffmann. 2018. Data Violence and How Bad Engineering Choices Can Damage Society. https:\/\/medium.com\/s\/story\/data-violence-and-how-bad-engineering-choices-can-damage-society-39e44150e1d4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7560\/IC57204nolinkurl10.7560\/IC57204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7577\/seminar.4280nolinkurl10.7577\/seminar.4280"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445141nolinkurl10.1145\/3411764.3445141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00131946.2018.1562926nolinkurl10.1080\/00131946.2018.1562926"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Can Data Do Good? Logic(s) Magazine","author":"Keyes Os","year":"2022","unstructured":"Os Keyes. 2022. Can Data Do Good? Logic(s) Magazine, Vol. 18 (Dec. 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376185nolinkurl10.1145\/3313831.3376185"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1581243nolinkurl10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1581243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Open Data & Data Infrastructures","author":"Kitchin Rob","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin. 2022. The Data Revolution: A Critical Analysis of Big Data, Open Data & Data Infrastructures second edition ed.). Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA. QA76.9.B45 K57 2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21681376.2014.983149nolinkurl10.1080\/21681376.2014.983149"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14361\/9783839445198nolinkurl10.14361\/9783839445198"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2016.1257909nolinkurl10.1080\/01436597.2016.1257909"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920.2021.1979150nolinkurl10.1080\/08941920.2021.1979150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11543.001.0001nolinkurl10.7551\/mitpress\/11543.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479501nolinkurl10.1145\/3479501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/358744nolinkurl10.2307\/358744showeprint[jstor]358744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Why Statistics? Sankhy=a: The Indian Journal of Statistics (1933--1960)","author":"Mahalanobis P. C.","year":"1950","unstructured":"P. C. Mahalanobis. 1950. Why Statistics? Sankhy=a: The Indian Journal of Statistics (1933--1960), Vol. 10, 3 (1950), 195--228. showeprint[jstor]25048028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2017.1365583nolinkurl10.1080\/24694452.2017.1365583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Interface","volume":"12","author":"Matthews Kyle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kyle Matthews. 2020. Social Movements and the (Mis)Use of Research: Extinction Rebellion and the 3.5% Rule. Interface, Vol. 12 (July 2020), 591--615."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.","author":"Mayer-Sch''onberger Viktor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Viktor Mayer-Sch''onberger and Kenneth Cukier. 2013. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Digital Cartographies of Displacement: Data as Property and Property as Data","volume":"21","author":"McElroy Erin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erin McElroy. 2022. Digital Cartographies of Displacement: Data as Property and Property as Data. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, Vol. 21, 4 (May 2022), 357--371.","journal-title":"ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468--2427.13150nolinkurl10.1111\/1468--2427.13150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anti.12264nolinkurl10.1111\/anti.12264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.4.1428nolinkurl10.14763\/2019.4.1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359144nolinkurl10.1145\/3359144"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Kickoff: Bay Area Eviction & Legal Services Study. https:\/\/mtc.ca.gov\/news\/kickoff-bay-area-eviction-legal-services-study.","author":"Metropolitan Transportation Commission","year":"2024","unstructured":"Metropolitan Transportation Commission. 2024. Kickoff: Bay Area Eviction & Legal Services Study. https:\/\/mtc.ca.gov\/news\/kickoff-bay-area-eviction-legal-services-study."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","volume-title":"The Alternative Epistemologies of Data Activism. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2850470. Social Science Research Network","author":"Milan Stefania","unstructured":"Stefania Milan and Lonneke van der Velden. 2016. The Alternative Epistemologies of Data Activism. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2850470. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"Techno-Politics, Modernity","author":"Mitchell Timothy","unstructured":"Timothy Mitchell. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14742837.2022.2128327nolinkurl10.1080\/14742837.2022.2128327"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Understanding Adult Education and Training 2 ed.)","author":"Newman Michael","unstructured":"Michael Newman. 1999. Learning, Education and Social Action. In Understanding Adult Education and Training 2 ed.). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2023.2205504nolinkurl10.1080\/1369118X.2023.2205504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","unstructured":"Office of the Mayor City of Seattle. Retrieved [11\/19\/2023]. One Seattle Homelessness Action Plan. https:\/\/homelessness.seattle.gov."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"Keywords of the Datafied State","author":"Olojo Seyi","unstructured":"Seyi Olojo. 2024. Counterdata. In Keywords of the Datafied State, Jenna Burrell, Ranjit Singh, and Patrick Davison (Eds.). Data and Society, Rochester, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243909337121nolinkurl10.1177\/0162243909337121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2020.1707223nolinkurl10.1080\/17439884.2020.1707223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818799523nolinkurl10.1177\/1461444818799523"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322330nolinkurl10.1145\/3322276.3322330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519673nolinkurl10.1145\/3491101.3519673"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Culture, Social Movements, and Protest","author":"Polletta Francesca","unstructured":"Francesca Polletta. 2009. Storytelling in Social Movements. In Culture, Social Movements, and Protest. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","volume-title":"Undoing Optimization: Civic Action in Smart Cities","author":"Powell Alison B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alison B. Powell. 2021. Undoing Optimization: Civic Action in Smart Cities. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274412nolinkurl10.1145\/3274412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36253\/me-13383nolinkurl10.36253\/me-13383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01442872.2020.1724928nolinkurl10.1080\/01442872.2020.1724928"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476419831640nolinkurl10.1177\/1527476419831640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cag.12608nolinkurl10.1111\/cag.12608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716649398nolinkurl10.1177\/2053951716649398"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"Jared Rossouw. 2015. True Reliable and Valid? : Data and Community Experience in the Case of the Janitorial Service Social Audit. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555198nolinkurl10.1145\/3555198"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-06--2023-0064nolinkurl10.1108\/ILS-06--2023-0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","volume-title":"Epistemologies of the South: Justice against Epistemicide","author":"de Sousa Santos Boaventura","unstructured":"Boaventura de Sousa Santos. 2016. Epistemologies of the South: Justice against Epistemicide. Routledge, London New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","volume-title":"Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed","author":"Scott James C.","unstructured":"James C. Scott. 2020. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912907313077nolinkurl10.1177\/1065912907313077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Bettering Data'': The Role of Everyday Language and Visualization in Critical Novice Data Work","volume":"25","author":"Shapiro Ben Rydal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Rydal Shapiro, Amanda Meng, Annabel Rothschild, Sierra Gilliam, Cicely Garrett, Carl DiSalvo, and Betsy DiSalvo. 2022. ''Bettering Data'': The Role of Everyday Language and Visualization in Critical Novice Data Work. Educational Technology & Society, Vol. 25, 4 (2022), 109--125. showeprint[jstor]48695985","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17351\/ests2017.133nolinkurl10.17351\/ests2017.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7765\/9781526137005.00030nolinkurl10.7765\/9781526137005.00030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","volume-title":"As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance","author":"Simpson Leanne","unstructured":"Leanne Simpson. 2017. As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2023.103263nolinkurl10.1016\/j.futures.2023.103263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","unstructured":"Social Justice Coalition. 2013a. REPORT OF THE KHAYELITSHA `MSHENGU' TOILET SOCIAL AUDIT. Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","volume-title":"WASTEFUL EXPENDITURE: REPORT OF THE KHAYELITSHA REFUSE REMOVAL AND AREA CLEANING SOCIAL AUDIT. Technical Report. Capetown, South Africa.","author":"Coalition Social Justice","year":"2013","unstructured":"Social Justice Coalition. 2013b. WASTEFUL EXPENDITURE: REPORT OF THE KHAYELITSHA REFUSE REMOVAL AND AREA CLEANING SOCIAL AUDIT. Technical Report. Capetown, South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","unstructured":"Social Justice Coalition. 2014. Our Toilets Are Dirty: Report of the Social Audit into the Janitorial Service for Communal Flush Toilets in Khayelitsha Cape Town. Technical Report. Cape Town South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","unstructured":"Social Justice Coalition Ndifuna Ukwazi and International Budget Partnership. 2015. A Guide to Conducting Social Audits in South Africa. Technical Report. International Budget Partnership."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300516nolinkurl10.1145\/3290605.3300516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Datafication from Below: Epistemology, Ambivalences","volume":"10","author":"S''oderberg Johan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johan S''oderberg, Stefania Milan, and Giuseppina Pellegrino. 2019. Datafication from Below: Epistemology, Ambivalences, Challenges. Tecnoscienzia, Vol. 10, 1 (2019), 27.","journal-title":"Challenges. Tecnoscienzia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2747\/0272--3638.31.6.842nolinkurl10.2747\/0272--3638.31.6.842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","volume-title":"Can the Subaltern Speak? In Imperialism","author":"Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty","unstructured":"Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. 2004. Can the Subaltern Speak? In Imperialism. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Post-Representational Epistemology in Practice","volume":"7","author":"Starodub Alissa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alissa Starodub. 2015. Post-Representational Epistemology in Practice: Processes of Relational Knowledge Creation in Autonomous Social Movements. Interface, Vol. 7, 2 (2015), 161--191.","journal-title":"Interface"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/STR.1808.5226nolinkurl10.17161\/STR.1808.5226"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","unstructured":"Stop the Sweeps. 2023. Sweeps Kill -- and Seattle's Reckless Pace Has Consequences. https:\/\/www.realchangenews.org\/news\/2023\/05\/03\/sweeps-kill-and-seattle-s-reckless-pace-has-consequences."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","unstructured":"Stop the Sweeps Seattle. [n. d.]. Stop the Sweeps Seattle. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/STSSeattle\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","unstructured":"Stop The Sweeps Seattle and [@stopthesweepsseattle]. 2023a. ''Happy Halloween Cops Are Here to Terrorize More and More People! ...''."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","unstructured":"Stop The Sweeps Seattle and [@stopthesweepsseattle]. 2023b. ''Sweeps Last Week Sweeps This Week the City Doesn't Let up! ...''."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","unstructured":"Stop The Sweeps Seattle and [@stopthesweepsseattle]. 2024a. ''Check in with Your Neighbors Especially in This Freezing Weather! ...''."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","unstructured":"Stop The Sweeps Seattle and [@stopthesweepsseattle]. 2024b. ''The City Continues to Violently Sweep Camps throughout Seattle but Giving Them Nowhere Safe to Go...''."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02589346.2014.975935nolinkurl10.1080\/02589346.2014.975935"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1332\/030557311X574216nolinkurl10.1332\/030557311X574216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581280nolinkurl10.1145\/3544548.3581280"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/rhe.2020.0031nolinkurl10.1353\/rhe.2020.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_152_1","unstructured":"Tenants Together and Anti-Eviction Mapping Project. 2014. The Speculator Loophole: Ellis Act Evictions in San Franscisco. Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555532nolinkurl10.1145\/3555532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anh-Ton Tran Grace Guo Jordan Taylor Katsuki Chan Elora Raymond and Carl DiSalvo. 2024. Situating Data Sets: Making Public Data Actionable for Housing Justice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3613904.3642452doi:nolinkurl10.1145\/3613904.3642452arxiv: 2402.12505 [cs]","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642452nolinkurl10.1145\/3613904.3642452arxiv:"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800414530265nolinkurl10.1177\/1077800414530265"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3279nolinkurl10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3279"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v12i2.4776nolinkurl10.24908\/ss.v12i2.4776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2020.10nolinkurl10.1017\/dap.2020.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_159_1","volume-title":"Science and Citizens","author":"Visvanathan Shiv","unstructured":"Shiv Visvanathan. 2005. Knowledge, Justice and Democracy. In Science and Citizens. Zed Books, London, 83--92."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979078nolinkurl10.1145\/1978942.1979078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998209nolinkurl10.1145\/2998181.2998209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445314nolinkurl10.1145\/3411764.3445314"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3710911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3710911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T09:25:54Z","timestamp":1755768354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3710911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3710911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3710911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}