{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:39:50Z","timestamp":1781357990594,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carlsberg Foundation","award":["CF21-0159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF21-0159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In AI-assisted decision-making, explanations aim to enhance transparency and user trust but can also lead to negligence. In two separate studies, we explore the use of partial explanations to activate cognitive forcing and increase user engagement. In Study I (N = 264), we present participants with weighted graphs and ask them to identify the shortest paths. In Study II (N = 210), participants correct spelling and grammar mistakes in short text segments. In both studies, we provide a solution suggestion accompanied by either no explanation, a full explanation, or a partial explanation. Our results show that partial explanations reduce overreliance on incorrect AI suggestions, performing significantly better than the baseline but not as well as full explanations. Individuals with a high need for cognition benefit more from AI explanations and consequently perform better. Our work suggests that partial explanations can be valuable in domains where reducing overreliance on AI is critical, like medical diagnosis. It also underscores the need to consider explanation effectiveness across different task difficulties, a factor often overlooked in contemporary human-AI studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3710946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:36:19Z","timestamp":1747740979000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cognitive Forcing for Better Decision-Making: Reducing Overreliance on AI Systems Through Partial Explanations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Paananen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7831-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5106-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"van Berkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377325.3377498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2166966.2166996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2015.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022--3514.42.1.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102285"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022243719851788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2019.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2003.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888--200308000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X07304449"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2010.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490099.3511138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490149.3503666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2016.1171199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Logic and conversation","author":"Grice H. P.","unstructured":"H. P. Grice. 2002. Logic and conversation.MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, US. 719--732 pages."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3308446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"J. Hair R. Anderson and B. Babin. 2009. Multivariate Data Analysis 7 ed.). Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01224-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563359.3597383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3640543.3645167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Peter Kincaid Robert P. Jr. Fishburne Richard L. Rogers and Brad S. Chissom. 1975. Derivation Of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index Fog Count And Flesch Reading Ease Formula) For Navy Enlisted Personnel. Technical Report 56. Institute for Simulation and Training.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033--2909.110.3.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2024.2334852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718756684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022242920957347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0304-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Scott","unstructured":"Scott M. Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Long Beach, California, USA) (NIPS'17). Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 4768--4777."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672002611010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3686922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467--9280.2006.01720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00188--7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465336.3475101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3565472.3592959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/155723409X448062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450662"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2022.3218773"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000622"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450613.3456817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08957347.2018.1464447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025171.3025219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534200"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3710946","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3710946","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T09:29:04Z","timestamp":1755768544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3710946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3710946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3710946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}