{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T08:56:00Z","timestamp":1773996960851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2222854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2222854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Contributors to open source software packages often describe feeling discouraged by the lack of positive feedback from users. This paper describes a technology probe, Hug Reports, that provides users a communication affordance within their code editors, through which users can convey appreciation to contributors of packages they use. In our field study, 18 users interacted with the probe for 3 weeks, resulting in messages of appreciation to 550 contributors, 26 of whom participated in subsequent research. Our findings show how locating a communication affordance within the code editor, and allowing users to express appreciation in terms of the abstractions they are exposed to (packages, modules, functions), can support exchanges of appreciation that are meaningful to users and contributors. Findings also revealed the moments in which users expressed appreciation, the two meanings that appreciation took on -- as a measure of utility and as an act of expressive communication -- and how contributors' reactions to appreciation were influenced by their perceived level of contribution. Based on these findings, we discuss opportunities and challenges for designing appreciation systems for open source in particular, and peer production communities more generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3710997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T01:35:05Z","timestamp":1746236105000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Hug Reports<\/i>\n            : Supporting Expression of Appreciation between Users and Contributors of Open Source Software Packages"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2106-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranav","family":"Khadpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8149-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4922-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinmay","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2019.2949413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109467059800100102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127016652606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Exchange and power in social life","author":"Blau Peter","unstructured":"Peter Blau. 2017. Exchange and power in social life. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Les Gasser, and William Turner.","author":"Bowker Geoffrey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geoffrey Bowker, Susan Leigh Star, Les Gasser, and William Turner. 2014. Social science, technical systems, and cooperative work: Beyond the great divide. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, Vol. 3, 2 (2006), 77--101."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-020-00011-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER50967.2021.00043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The principles of sociotechnical design. Human relations","author":"Cherns Albert","year":"1976","unstructured":"Albert Cherns. 1976. The principles of sociotechnical design. Human relations, Vol. 29, 8 (1976), 783--792."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3106237.3106246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Leveraging transparency","author":"Dabbish Laura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laura Dabbish, Colleen Stuart, Jason Tsay, and James Herbsleb. 2012a. Leveraging transparency. IEEE software, Vol. 30, 1 (2012), 37--43."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Roads and bridges: The unseen labor behind our digital infrastructure","author":"Eghbal Nadia","unstructured":"Nadia Eghbal. 2016. Roads and bridges: The unseen labor behind our digital infrastructure. Ford Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Working in public: the making and maintenance of open source software","author":"Eghbal Nadia","unstructured":"Nadia Eghbal. 2020. Working in public: the making and maintenance of open source software. Stripe Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3316756"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510458.3513020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Eran Hammer. 2021. The social contract of open source. https:\/\/snarky.ca\/the-social-contract-of-open-source\/ Accessed: 2024-01-07."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1938965520902012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Open source software and the ''private-collective'' innovation model: Issues for organization science","author":"von Hippel Eric","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eric von Hippel and Georg von Krogh. 2003. Open source software and the ''private-collective'' innovation model: Issues for organization science. Organization science, Vol. 14, 2 (2003), 209--223."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-006-1002-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Undervaluing gratitude: Expressers misunderstand the consequences of showing appreciation. Psychological science","author":"Kumar Amit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amit Kumar and Nicholas Epley. 2018. Undervaluing gratitude: Expressers misunderstand the consequences of showing appreciation. Psychological science, Vol. 29, 9 (2018), 1423--1435."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Nolan Lawson. 2017. What it feels like to be an open-source maintainer. https:\/\/nolanlawson.com\/2017\/03\/05\/ Accessed: 2024-01-07."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517731"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2006.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"A design framework for awareness systems. Awareness systems: Advances in theory, methodology and design","author":"Markopoulos Panos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Panos Markopoulos. 2009. A design framework for awareness systems. Awareness systems: Advances in theory, methodology and design (2009), 49--72."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"J Nathan Matias Julia Kamin Reem Al-Kashif Max Klein and Eric Pennington. [n. d.]. The Diffusion and Influence of Gratitude Expressions in Large-Scale Cooperation: A Field Experiment in Four Knowledge Networks. ( [n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Abby Cabunoc Mayes. [n. d.]. Maintaining Balance for Open Source Maintainers Tips for self-care and avoiding burnout as a maintainer. https:\/\/opensource.guide\/maintaining-balance-for-open-source-maintainers\/ Accessed: 2024-01-07."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"OSS 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 26--27, 2019, Proceedings 15","author":"Miller Courtney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Courtney Miller, David Gray Widder, Christian K\u00e4stner, and Bogdan Vasilescu. 2019. Why do people give up flossing? a study of contributor disengagement in open source. In Open Source Systems: 15th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference, OSS 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 26--27, 2019, Proceedings 15. Springer, 116--129."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979452"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Stack Overflow. 2023. 2023 Developer Survey. https:\/\/survey.stackoverflow.co\/2023\/ Accessed: 2024-01-07."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2016.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377816.3381732"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387940.3392241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-006-0089-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180933"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Field deployments: Knowing from using in context. Ways of Knowing in HCI","author":"Siek Katie A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katie A Siek, Gillian R Hayes, Mark W Newman, and John C Tang. 2014. Field deployments: Knowing from using in context. Ways of Knowing in HCI (2014), 119--142."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"The theory of moral sentiments","author":"Smith Adam","unstructured":"Adam Smith. 2010. The theory of moral sentiments. Penguin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"10","author":"Spiro Emma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emma Spiro, J Nathan Matias, and Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez. 2016. Networks of gratitude: Structures of thanks and user expectations in workplace appreciation systems. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 10. 358--367."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social text","author":"Terranova Tiziana","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tiziana Terranova. 2000. Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social text, Vol. 18, 2 (2000), 33--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3236062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Reminders undermine impressions of genuine gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","author":"Wang Jiabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiabi Wang, Shereen J Chaudhry, and Alex Koch. 2023. Reminders undermine impressions of genuine gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231177620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2016.0162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07410883241242103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR52588.2021.00036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez, Rajan Vaish, and Fannie Liu.","author":"Zhang Lei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lei Zhang, Tianying Chen, Olivia Seow, Tim Chong, Sven Kratz, Yu Jiang Tham, Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez, Rajan Vaish, and Fannie Liu. 2022a. Auggie: Encouraging Effortful Communication through Handcrafted Digital Experiences. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 6, CSCW2 (2022), 1--25."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Ways of Knowing in HCI","author":"Zimmerman John","unstructured":"John Zimmerman and Jodi Forlizzi. 2014. Research through design in HCI. In Ways of Knowing in HCI. Springer, 167--189."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.806811nolinkurl10.5281\/zenodo.806811"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3710997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3710997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:53:19Z","timestamp":1755737599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3710997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3710997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3710997","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}