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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Quantum Diamond Microscope (QDM) is an instrument with a demonstrated capability to image electrical current in Integrated Circuits (ICs), which shows promise for detection of hardware Trojans. The anomalous current activity caused by hardware Trojans manifests through a magnetic field side channel that can be imaged with the QDM, potentially allowing for detection and localization of the effects of tampering. This article seeks to identify the capabilities of the QDM for hardware Trojan detection through the analysis of previous QDM work as well as the QDM\u2019s physical limits and potential Trojan behaviors. QDM metrics of interest are identified, such as spatial resolution, sensitivity, time-to-result, and field-of-view. Rare event detection on an FPGA is demonstrated with the QDM. The concept of operations is identified for QDM utilization at different steps of IC development, noting necessary considerations and limiting factors for use at different development stages. Finally, the effects of hardware Trojans on IC current activity are estimated and compared to QDM sensitivities to project QDM detection potential for ICs of varying process sizes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3711712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1736341373000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hardware Trojan Detection Potential and Limits with the Quantum Diamond Microscope"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob N.","family":"Lenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute (HSSEDI), an FFRDC operated under contract by the MITRE Corporation for the Department of Homeland Security, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3806-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott K.","family":"Perryman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute (HSSEDI), an FFRDC operated under contract by the MITRE Corporation for the Department of Homeland Security, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitro J.","family":"Martynowych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute (HSSEDI), an FFRDC operated under contract by the MITRE Corporation for the Department of Homeland Security, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute (HSSEDI), an FFRDC operated under contract by the MITRE Corporation for the Department of Homeland Security, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab81d1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.82.201202"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3000562"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maitreyi Ashok Matthew J. 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