{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:54:35Z","timestamp":1784904875495,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. NSF","award":["ECCS-2319995, No. OAC-2104078, No. CNS-2030624, No. CNS-2008878, and No. S&CC-1952045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2319995, No. OAC-2104078, No. CNS-2030624, No. CNS-2008878, and No. S&CC-1952045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Things"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-range Wide-area Network (LoRaWAN) is an innovative and prominent communication protocol in the domain of Low-power Wide-area Networks (LPWAN), known for its ability to provide long-range communication with low energy consumption. However, the practical implementation of the LoRaWAN protocol, operating at the Medium Access Control layer and specially built to work upon the LoRa physical layer, presents numerous research challenges, including network congestion, interference, optimal resource allocation, collisions, scalability, and security. To mitigate these challenges effectively, the adoption of cutting-edge data-driven technologies such as Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) emerges as a promising approach. Interestingly, very few existing surveys or tutorials have addressed the importance of ML- or DL-based techniques for LoRaWAN. This article provides a comprehensive survey of current LoRaWAN challenges and recent solutions, particularly using DL and ML algorithms. The primary objective of this survey is to stimulate further research efforts to enhance the performance of LoRa networks and facilitate their practical deployments. We begin by emphasizing the characteristics of LoRaWAN compared to other LPWAN technologies and then examine the technical specifications of LoRaWAN that have been released so far, as well as the current research trends. Furthermore, we discuss an overview of the most utilized DL and ML algorithms for overcoming LoRaWAN challenges. We also present an interoperable reference architecture for LoRaWAN and validate its effectiveness using a wide range of applications. Additionally, we shed light on several evolving challenges of LoRa and LoRaWAN for the future digital network, along with possible solutions. Finally, we conclude our discussion by briefly summarizing our work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3711953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T06:20:38Z","timestamp":1736490038000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of Data-Driven Solutions for LoRaWAN: Challenges and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poonam","family":"Maurya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-6265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Hazra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSE, IIIT Sri City, Sri City, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5907-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preti","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE, NUS, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7940-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troels Bundgaard","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajal K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"LoRaWAN Specification V1.0","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2015","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2015. LoRaWAN Specification V1.0. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/technical-specifications\/lorawan-specification-v1-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"LoRaWAN Specification V1.0.1","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2016","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2016. LoRaWAN Specification V1.0.1. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/technical-specifications\/lorawan-specification-v1-0-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"LoRaWAN Specification V1.0.2","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2016","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2016. LoRaWAN Specification V1.0.2. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/document\/lorawan-specification-v1-0-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"LoRaWAN Specification V1.1","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2017","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2017. LoRaWAN Specification V1.1. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/technical-specifications\/lorawan-specification-v1-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"LoRa and LoRaWAN: A Technical Overview","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2019","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2019. LoRa and LoRaWAN: A Technical Overview. Technical Paper. Retrieved from https:\/\/lora-developers.semtech.com\/documentation\/tech-papers-and-guides\/lora-and-lorawan\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Low Power Protocol for Wide Area Wireless Networks","author":"ITU.","year":"2021","unstructured":"ITU. 2021. Low Power Protocol for Wide Area Wireless Networks. Recommendation ITU-T Y.4480. Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU, Geneva, Switcherland. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-Y.4480\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"LoRAWAN Regional Parameters","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2022","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2022. LoRAWAN Regional Parameters. Specification RP002-1.0.4. Fremont, United States. Retrieved from https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/technical-specifications\/rp002-1-0-4-regional-parameters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"TS011-1.0.0 Relay","author":"LoRa Alliance","year":"2022","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2022. TS011-1.0.0 Relay. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/technical-specifications\/ts011-1-0-0-relay"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"IoT in 2023 and Beyond","author":"Tech Informed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tech Informed. 2023. IoT in 2023 and Beyond. Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/techinformed.com\/iot-in-2023-and-beyond\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"LoRaWAN Standard Helps Drive Industry 5.0 Evolution","author":"FUTUREIOT","year":"2023","unstructured":"FUTUREIOT. 2023. LoRaWAN Standard Helps Drive Industry 5.0 Evolution. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/futureiot.tech\/lorawan-standard-helps-drive-industry-5-0-evolution\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Cayenne: The World\u2019s First Drag-and-drop IoT Project Builder","author":"Cayenne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cayenne. 2023. Cayenne: The World\u2019s First Drag-and-drop IoT Project Builder. Technical Report. Retrieved December 2023 from https:\/\/developers.mydevices.com\/cayenne\/features\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"Fiware IoT Agent for LoRaWAN Protocol","author":"Github","year":"2024","unstructured":"Github. 2024. Fiware IoT Agent for LoRaWAN Protocol. ATOS. Retrieved June 2024 from https:\/\/fiware-lorawan.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2018.8449737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2949918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2022.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3557048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3557048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2948111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2019.8923515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3437537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","article-title":"A deep learning model implementation based on RSSI fingerprinting for LoRa-based indoor localization","author":"Ali Irsan Taufik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Irsan Taufik Ali, Abdul Muis, and Riri Fitri Sari. 2021. A deep learning model implementation based on RSSI fingerprinting for LoRa-based indoor localization. EUREKA: Phys. Eng. (2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:231830794","journal-title":"EUREKA: Phys. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3034109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0001.2000019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2987423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MACS48846.2019.9024828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2986164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC50174.2021.9569714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3238013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giulio Maria Bianco. 2021. LoRa (868 MHz) Path Loss Measurements in Double-slope Environment. Retrieved from https:\/\/ieee-dataport.org\/documents\/lora-868-mhz-path-loss-measurements-double-slope-environment. 10.21227\/agyw-ws11","DOI":"10.21227\/agyw-ws11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2019.8767247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11010003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SDS.2019.000-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAICT52856.2021.9532518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3442917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3140107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3351313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DESEC.2018.8625149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2019.8718160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2797057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2020.000017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computers9030060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/MedHocNet.2018.8407091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMob55322.2022.9941538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW56584.2022.00043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEIC54506.2022.9748580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3248074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3031681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2982745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3110872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3090409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.07.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3387457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020657"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","article-title":"Towards dependable IoT via interface selection: Predicting packet delivery at the end node in LoRaWAN networks","volume":"21","author":"Guerrero Marc","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marc Guerrero, Cristina Cano, Xavier Vilajosana, and Pascal Thubert. 2021. Towards dependable IoT via interface selection: Predicting packet delivery at the end node in LoRaWAN networks. Sensors 21, 8 (2021).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2018.8656742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3561973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267305.3267652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCSE.2018.00140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN48667.2020.9314772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. J. Jayakanth Praveen Elumalai S. Ovean N. R. Hariharan and Mohammed Riyas A. 2021. LoRa based Wireless Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring\u2014Dataset. Retrieved from https:\/\/ieee-dataport.org\/documents\/lora-based-wireless-sensor-network-environmental-monitoring-dataset. DOI:10.21227\/2g7j-e111","DOI":"10.21227\/2g7j-e111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3274934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT.2018.8464949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS\u201919)","author":"Kherani Arzad Alam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arzad Alam Kherani and Poonam Maurya. 2019. Improved packet detection in LoRa-like chirp spread spectrum systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS\u201919). 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM\u201922)","author":"Kumari Preti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Preti Kumari, Hari Prabhat Gupta, Tanima Dutta, and Sajal K. Das. 2022. Improving age of information with interference problem in long-range wide area networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM\u201922). IEEE, 137\u2013146."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2021.3049705","article-title":"An energy efficient smart metering system using edge computing in LoRa network","volume":"7","author":"Kumari Preti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preti Kumari, Rahul Mishra, Hari Prabhat Gupta, Tanima Dutta, and Sajal K. Das. 2021. An energy efficient smart metering system using edge computing in LoRa network. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput. 7, 4 (2021), 786\u2013798.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACSIS56558.2022.9923439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2019.8904258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3502987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMITEC50163.2020.9334144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485730.3485928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3583120.3586952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3483256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan Liu Xiaoguang Wang and Stan Matwin. 2018. Improving the interpretability of deep neural networks with knowledge distillation. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.10924","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2018.00132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3617505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIT52419.2022.9711616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.11.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3012569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS53615.2022.9668447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCCC55026.2022.9894340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3339252.3340525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3229846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP49622.2020.9259383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2017.7899580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th European Wireless Conference","author":"Noreen Umber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Umber Noreen, Laurent Clavier, and Ahcene Bounceur. 2018. LoRa-like CSS-based PHY layer, capture effect and serial interference cancellation. In Proceedings of the 24th European Wireless Conference. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan11030052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS49054.2020.9119520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","article-title":"Network resource optimization with reinforcement learning for low power wide area networks","volume":"2020","author":"Park Gyubong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gyubong Park, Wooyeob Lee, and Inwhee Joe. 2020. Network resource optimization with reinforcement learning for low power wide area networks. EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw. 2020 (2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:221728167","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36614-8_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computer and Communication Networks","author":"Poluektov Dmitry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dmitry Poluektov, Michail Polovov, Petr Kharin, Martin Stusek, Krystof Zeman, Pavel Masek, Irina Gudkova, Jiri Hosek, and Konstantin Samouylov. 2019. On the performance of LoRaWAN in smart city: End-device design and communication coverage. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computer and Communication Networks. Springer, 15\u201329."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2018.8638253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2815150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9010010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2927759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPA.2003.1203351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN50589.2020.00130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2949598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guanxiong Shen Junqing Zhang and Alan Marshall. 2022. LoRa RFFI Dataset. DOI:10.21227\/qqt4-kz19","DOI":"10.21227\/qqt4-kz19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guanxiong Shen Junqing Zhang and Alan Marshall. 2023. LoRa RFFI Dataset Different Spreading Factors. Retrieved from https:\/\/ieee-dataport.org\/documents\/lorarffidatasetdifferentspreadingfactors. DOI:10.21227\/5q6q-c107","DOI":"10.21227\/5q6q-c107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05355-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICET51757.2021.9450935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3079095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30241-2_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2958620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON55815.2022.9918167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE53296.2022.9730234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC50174.2021.9569470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMob55322.2022.9941543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTAIS.2018.8600904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. Lic Tran S. Bouro M. T. Nguyen and F. Ferrero. 2025. A novel localization technique in LoRa-based low-power relay using machine learning. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 12 1 (2025) 297\u2013308. 10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3459874","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3459874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3183073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2018.8319184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3638241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASID.2019.8925203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643832.3661876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560905.3568547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2018.8397117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xing Yang Lei Shu Jianing Chen Mohamed Amine Ferrag Jun Wu Edmond Nurellari and Kai Huang. 2021. A Survey on Smart Agriculture: Development Modes Technologies and Security and Privacy Challenges. 273 pages. DOI:10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003536","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC47284.2019.8969608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON55815.2022.9918571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTTW53539.2021.9607147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM52442.2021.9615512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP55882.2022.9940424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2023.100776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","article-title":"Optimization of LoRa SF allocation based on deep reinforcement learning","volume":"2022","author":"Zhong Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han Zhong, Lei Ning, Junsong Wang, Siliang Suo, Liming Chen, and Mingqian Liu. 2022. Optimization of LoRa SF allocation based on deep reinforcement learning. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 2022 (Jan.2022), 14.","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041193"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3711953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3711953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:18:10Z","timestamp":1750281490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3711953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3711953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3711953","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.170654707.77483396\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2691-1914","2577-6207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1914","type":"print"},{"value":"2577-6207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}