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Motivated by the performance degradation of NLP models for dialectal datasets and its implications for the equity of language technologies, we survey past research in NLP for dialects in terms of datasets, and approaches. We describe a wide range of NLP tasks in terms of two categories: natural language understanding (NLU) (for tasks such as dialect classification, sentiment analysis, parsing, and NLU benchmarks) and natural language generation (NLG) (for summarisation, machine translation, and dialogue systems). The survey is also broad in its coverage of languages which include English, Arabic, German, among others. We observe that past work in NLP concerning dialects goes deeper than mere dialect classification, and extends to several NLU and NLG tasks. For these tasks, we describe classical machine learning using statistical models, along with the recent deep learning-based approaches based on pre-trained language models. We expect that this survey will be useful to NLP researchers interested in building equitable language technologies by rethinking LLM benchmarks and model architectures.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1145\/3712060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T11:34:21Z","timestamp":1736768061000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Natural Language Processing for Dialects of a Language: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raj","family":"Dabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diptesh","family":"Kanojia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9628-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haolan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7326-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Haffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6193-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Dippold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"LREC","author":"Abdul-Mageed Muhammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muhammad Abdul-Mageed, Hassan Alhuzali, and Mohamed Elaraby. 2018. 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