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Multi-objective optimization employs metaheuristic search techniques, such as genetic algorithms, to explore feasible architectural changes and propose alternatives to designers. However, this resource-intensive process may not always align with practical constraints.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This study investigates the impact of designer interactions on multi-objective software architecture optimization. Designers can intervene at intermediate points in the fully automated optimization process, making choices that guide exploration towards more desirable solutions. Through several controlled experiments as well as an initial user study (14 subjects), we compare this interactive approach with a fully automated optimization process, which serves as a baseline. The findings demonstrate that designer interactions lead to a more focused solution space, resulting in improved architectural quality. By directing the search toward regions of interest, the interaction uncovers architectures that remain unexplored in the fully automated process. In the user study, participants found that our interactive approach provides a better trade-off between sufficient exploration of the solution space and the required computation time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3712185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T16:03:31Z","timestamp":1736784211000},"page":"1-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Introducing Interactions in Multi-Objective Optimization of Software Architectures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Cortellessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1765-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Andr\u00e9s","family":"Diaz-Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISTAN, Tandil, Argentina and CONICET-UNICEN, Tandil, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Pompeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9342-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooyan","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Tucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2567-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"van Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"12214","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2019 (NeurIPS \u201919)","author":"Abdolshah Majid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majid Abdolshah, Alistair Shilton, Santu Rana, Sunil Gupta, and Svetha Venkatesh. 2019. 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