{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:17:27Z","timestamp":1773317847470,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":92,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3712285.3759804","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:04:47Z","timestamp":1762963487000},"page":"855-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ThirstyFLOPS: Water Footprint Modeling and Analysis Toward Sustainable HPC Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9968-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yankai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5561-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Kanakagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT Tirupati, Tirupati, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Basu Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7253-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devesh","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Amazon signs agreements for innovative nuclear energy projects to address growing energy demands","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amazon 2024. Amazon signs agreements for innovative nuclear energy projects to address growing energy demands. Amazon. https:\/\/www.aboutamazon.com\/news\/sustainability\/amazon-nuclear-small-modular-reactor-net-carbon-zero Accessed: 2025-08-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC41406.2024.00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3575754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Maxwell Adler. 2023. The World\u2019s Fastest Supercomputer Needs 74 Miles of Cable and Tons of Water. Bloomberg (2023). https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2023-01-05\/frontier-supercomputer-world-s-fastest-needs-74-miles-of-cable"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushra\u00a0Yusuf Ahmed Sina\u00a0Temesgen Tolera Liku\u00a0Muche Temesgen and Abraham Geremew. 2025. Domestic water consumptions and associated factors in rural household of Harari region Eastern Ethiopia; A cross sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health 12 (2025) 1395946.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1395946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Husam Alissa Teresa Nick Ashish Raniwala Alberto Arribas\u00a0Herranz Kali Frost Ioannis Manousakis Kari Lio Brijesh Warrier Vaidehi Oruganti TJ DiCaprio et\u00a0al. 2025. Using life cycle assessment to drive innovation for sustainable cool clouds. Nature (2025) 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Lasse F\u00a0Wolff Anthony Benjamin Kanding and Raghavendra Selvan. 2020. Carbontracker: Tracking and predicting the carbon footprint of training deep learning models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2007.03051 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3624062.3624263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Argonne National Laboratory. 2025. Aurora: Exascale Supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory. https:\/\/www.alcf.anl.gov\/aurora."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM13553.2020.9372004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohan Basu\u00a0Roy Raghavendra Kanakagiri Yankai Jiang and Devesh Tiwari. 2025. ForgetMeNot: Understanding and modeling the impact of forever chemicals toward sustainable large-scale computing. Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 9 2 (2025) 1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1145\/3727116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Abdessalam Benhari Denis Trystram Fanny Dufoss\u00e9 Yves Denneulin and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Desprez. 2024. Green HPC: An analysis of the domain based on Top500. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.17466 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrea Borghesi Carmine Di\u00a0Santi Martin Molan Mohsen\u00a0Seyedkazemi Ardebili Alessio Mauri Massimiliano Guarrasi Daniela Galetti Mirko Cestari Francesco Barchi Luca Benini et\u00a0al. 2023. M100 exadata: a data collection campaign on the cineca\u2019s marconi100 tier-0 supercomputer. Scientific Data 10 1 (2023) 288.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02174-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anne-Marie Boulay Jane Bare Lorenzo Benini Markus Berger Michael\u00a0J Lathuilli\u00e8re Alessandro Manzardo Manuele Margni Masaharu Motoshita Montserrat N\u00fa\u00f1ez Amandine\u00a0Valerie Pastor et\u00a0al. 2018. The WULCA consensus characterization model for water scarcity footprints: assessing impacts of water consumption based on available water remaining (AWARE). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23 2 (2018) 368\u2013378.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-017-1333-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Franck Cappello. [n. d.]. AuroraGPT: Exploring AI Assistant for Science. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefano Casadei Francesco Peppoloni and Arnaldo Pierleoni. 2020. A new approach to calculate the water exploitation index (WEI+). Water 12 11 (2020) 3227.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3624062.3624271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Chen and Aaron\u00a0P Wemhoff. 2023. The sustainability benefits of economization in data centers containing chilled water systems. Resources Conservation and Recycling 196 (2023) 107053.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS63350.2024.00097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Cineca Supercomputing Infrastructure: From Marconi 100 to Leonardo and Beyond","unstructured":"Cineca. [n. d.]. An Introduction to the Cineca Supercomputing Infrastructure: From Marconi 100 to Leonardo and Beyond. Technical Report. Cineca."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"Marconi100","author":"Cineca HPC","year":"2025","unstructured":"HPC Cineca. 2025. Marconi100. https:\/\/www.hpc.cineca.it\/systems\/hardware\/marconi100\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliot Cohen and Anu Ramaswami. 2014. The water withdrawal footprint of energy supply to cities: Conceptual development and application to Denver Colorado USA. Journal of Industrial Ecology 18 1 (2014) 26\u201339.","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieven Eeckhout. 2022. A first-order model to assess computer architecture sustainability. IEEE Computer Architecture Letters 21 2 (2022) 137\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCA.2022.3217366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA61900.2025.00098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Mariam Elgamal Abdulrahman Mahmoud Gu-Yeon Wei David Brooks and Gage Hills. 2025. Modeling PFAS in Semiconductor Manufacturing to Quantify Trade-offs in Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact of Computing Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.06727 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"Argonne Leadership\u00a0Computing Facility. 2025. ALCF Public Data. https:\/\/reports.alcf.anl.gov\/data\/index.html Accessed: 2025-03-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malin Falkenmark Jan Lundqvist and Carl Widstrand. 1989. Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches: Aspects of vulnerability in semi-arid development. 13 4 (1989) 258\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Fugaku","author":"Computational\u00a0Science RIKEN\u00a0Center for","year":"2025","unstructured":"RIKEN\u00a0Center for Computational\u00a0Science. 2025. Fugaku. https:\/\/www.r-ccs.riken.jp\/en\/fugaku\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid.2015.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3632775.3661962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3470496.3527408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA51647.2021.00076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3695053.3731023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620666.3651374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Kevin Heslin. 2016. Ignore data center Water consumption at your own peril. Uptime Institute (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"DOE Identifies 16 Federal Sites for Potential AI-Focused Data Center Development","author":"Staff HPCwire Editorial","year":"2025","unstructured":"HPCwire Editorial Staff. 2025. DOE Identifies 16 Federal Sites for Potential AI-Focused Data Center Development. https:\/\/www.hpcwire.com\/off-the-wire\/doe-identifies-16-federal-sites-for-potential-ai-focused-data-center-development\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"World\u00a0Resources Institute. 2014. Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas. https:\/\/www.wri.org\/aqueduct."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammad\u00a0A. Islam Kishwar Ahmed Hong Xu Nguyen\u00a0H. Tran Gang Quan and Shaolei Ren. 2018. Exploiting Spatio-Temporal Diversity for Water Saving in Geo-Distributed Data Centers. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 6 3 (2018) 734\u2013746. 10.1109\/TCC.2016.2535201","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2016.2535201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad\u00a0A Islam Shaolei Ren Gang Quan Muhammad\u00a0Z Shakir and Athanasios\u00a0V Vasilakos. 2015. Water-constrained geographic load balancing in data centers. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 5 2 (2015) 208\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2453982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI61997.2024.00095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3710848.3710891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi Jin Paul Behrens Arnold Tukker and Laura Scherer. 2019. Water use of electricity technologies: A global meta-analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 115 (2019) 109391.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Se-Hee Kim Su-Jin Lee Sang-Ho Kim Sung-Eun Kang Dae\u00a0Sung Lee and Seong-Rin Lim. 2019. Environmental effects of the technology transformation from hard-disk to solid-state drives from resource depletion and toxicity management perspectives. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 15 2 (2019) 292\u2013298.","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"Polaris","author":"Lab Argonne\u00a0National","year":"2025","unstructured":"Argonne\u00a0National Lab. 2025. Polaris. https:\/\/www.alcf.anl.gov\/polaris"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","volume-title":"Argonne Site Sustainability Plan","author":"Laboratory Argonne\u00a0National","year":"2020","unstructured":"Argonne\u00a0National Laboratory. 2020. Argonne Site Sustainability Plan. Technical Report. Argonne National Lab.(ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","volume-title":"Frontierr","author":"Labratory Oak Ridge\u00a0National","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oak Ridge\u00a0National Labratory. 2025. Frontierr. https:\/\/www.olcf.ornl.gov\/frontier\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 2025. El Capitan: NNSA\u2019s First Exascale Supercomputer. https:\/\/asc.llnl.gov\/exascale\/el-capitan."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uisung Lee Hui Xu Jesse Daystar Amgad Elgowainy and Michael Wang. 2018. AWARE-US: Quantifying water stress impacts of energy systems in the United States. Science of the Total Environment 648 (8 2018). 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581784.3607035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Pengfei Li Jianyi Yang Mohammad\u00a0A Islam and Shaolei Ren. 2023. Making ai less\" thirsty\": Uncovering and addressing the secret water footprint of ai models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2304.03271 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"A Review of Operational Water Consumption and Withdrawal Factors for Electricity Generating Technologies","author":"Macknick Jordan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jordan Macknick, Robin Newmark, Garvin Heath, and KC Hallett. 2011. A Review of Operational Water Consumption and Withdrawal Factors for Electricity Generating Technologies. Technical Report NREL\/TP-6A20-50900. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy11osti\/50900.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Electricity Maps Live 24\/7","author":"Maps Electricity","year":"2024","unstructured":"Electricity Maps. 2024. Electricity Maps Live 24\/7. https:\/\/app.electricitymaps.com\/map"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/VLSICircuits52068.2021.9492415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","volume-title":"meteologix Live 24\/7","year":"2024","unstructured":"meteologix. 2024. meteologix Live 24\/7. https:\/\/meteologix.com\/in"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. 2025. 2025 Environmental Sustainability Report. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/corporate-responsibility\/sustainability\/report\/. Accessed: 2025-08-25."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Mytton. 2021. Data centre water consumption. npj Clean Water 4 1 (2021) 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-021-00101-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","volume-title":"IBM Power system AC922 technical overview and introduction","author":"Nohria Ritesh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ritesh Nohria. 2018. IBM Power system AC922 technical overview and introduction. IBM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefan Pfister Annette Koehler and Stefanie Hellweg. 2009. Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA. Environmental Science & Technology 43 11 (2009) 4098\u20134104. 10.1021\/es802423e","DOI":"10.1021\/es802423e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0D. Raskin Eric Hansen Zbigniew Krol Mustafa Salman and Richard\u00a0B. Pontius. 1997. Water Futures: Assessment of Long-range Patterns and Problems. Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World 1 (1997) 1\u201378.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-8947.1996.tb00629.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Paul Reig. 2013. What\u2019s the difference between water use and water consumption? Washington DC: World Resources Institute. 80 (2013). https:\/\/www.wri.org\/insights\/whats-difference-between-water-use-and-water-consumption"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"Paul Reig Tianyi Luo Eric Christensen and Julie Sinistore. 2020. Guidance for calculating water use embedded in purchased electricity. World Resources Institute (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2597652.2597671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"Laura Scherer and Stephan Pfister. 2015. Water scarcity footprint of selected hydropower reservoirs. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","volume-title":"Seagate EXOS X22 \u2013 22TB Sustainability Report","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seagate. 2024. Seagate EXOS X22 \u2013 22TB Sustainability Report. https:\/\/www.seagate.com\/content\/dam\/seagate\/assets\/esg\/planet\/product-sustainability\/files\/exos-x22-longspeakbp-22tb-sustainability-report-2024.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","volume-title":"Seagate Nytro 3331\u2013 7680GB Sustainability Report","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seagate. 2024. Seagate Nytro 3331\u2013 7680GB Sustainability Report. https:\/\/www.seagate.com\/esg\/planet\/product-sustainability\/nytro-3331-sustainability-report\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arman Shehabi Sarah Smith Dale Sartor Richard Brown Magnus Herrlin Jonathan Koomey Eric Masanet Nathaniel Horner In\u00eas Azevedo and William Lintner. 2016. United states data center energy usage report. (2016).","DOI":"10.2172\/1372902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458817.3476188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Md\u00a0Abu\u00a0Bakar Siddik Arman Shehabi and Landon Marston. 2021. The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States. Environmental Research Letters 16 6 (2021) 064017.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abfba1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"2019 Sustainability Report","author":"Ltd. Siliconware Precision Industries Co.,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siliconware Precision Industries Co., Ltd.2019. 2019 Sustainability Report. Technical Report. Siliconware Precision Industries Co., Ltd.https:\/\/www.spil.com.tw\/Files\/pdf-en\/2019-en.pdf Accessed: 2025-04-14."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","volume-title":"2021 Sustainability Report","author":"Inc. SK hynix","year":"2021","unstructured":"SK hynix Inc.2021. 2021 Sustainability Report. Technical Report. SK hynix Inc.https:\/\/ungc-production.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/attachments\/cop_2021\/504018\/original\/2021_SK_hynix_SR_ENG.pdf Accessed: 2025-04-15."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC41406.2024.00030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","volume-title":"Why circular water solutions are key to sustainable data centres","author":"Spindler Wesley","unstructured":"Wesley Spindler, Luna\u00a0Atamian Hahn-Petersen, and Sadaf Hosseini. [n. d.]. Why circular water solutions are key to sustainable data centres. World Economic Forum. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2024\/11\/circular-water-solutions-sustainable-data-centres\/ Accessed: 2025-08-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC41406.2024.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roland Stull. 2011. Wet-bulb temperature from relative humidity and air temperature. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology 50 11 (2011) 2267\u20132269.","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0143.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA57654.2024.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian Sun Zhiming Gao David Grant Kashif Nawaz Pengtao Wang Cheng-Min Yang Philip Boudreaux Stephen Kowalski and Shean Huff. 2024. Energy dataset of Frontier supercomputer for waste heat recovery. Scientific Data 11 1 (2024) 1077.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03913-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swamit Tannu and Prashant\u00a0J Nair. 2023. The dirty secret of ssds: Embodied carbon. ACM SIGENERGY Energy Informatics Review 3 3 (2023) 4\u20139.","DOI":"10.1145\/3630614.3630616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_79_2","unstructured":"TechPowerUp. 2025. TechPowerUp. https:\/\/www.techpowerup.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTER49012.2020.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_81_2","unstructured":"Michael Terrell. 2024. New nuclear clean energy agreement with Kairos Power. https:\/\/blog.google\/outreach-initiatives\/sustainability\/google-kairos-power-nuclear-energy-agreement\/. Accessed: 2025-03-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_82_2","unstructured":"The Guardian. [n. d.]. Water shortage fears as Labour\u2019s first AI growth zone sited close to new reservoir. The Guardian ([n. d.]). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2025\/jan\/13\/labour-ai-datacentre-growth-zone-water-shortages-abingdon-reservoir"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_83_2","unstructured":"Marianne Thomsen. 2016. Wastewater treatment and discharge. and no.: Scientific Report from DCE\u2013Danish Centre for Environment and Energy193 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_84_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Environmental Information and Planning Management Conference","author":"Thum Jia\u00a0Yi","unstructured":"Jia\u00a0Yi Thum, Hsien-Lun Hu, and Qian-Zhen Li. [n. d.]. Assessing Water Scarcity Footprint of Semiconductor Packaging Products \u2013 A Case Study of a Multinational Semiconductor Company. In Proceedings of the 2022 Environmental Information and Planning Management Conference (National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, 2022-11-18\/2022-11-19). Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering (CIEE)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_85_2","volume-title":"TOP500 List","year":"2025","unstructured":"TOP500. 2025. TOP500 List. https:\/\/top500.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPPW.2010.38"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_87_2","volume-title":"Using Standards to Promote the Reuse of Rare Earth Materials","author":"Agency United States Environmental Protection","year":"2025","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2025. Using Standards to Promote the Reuse of Rare Earth Materials. US EPA. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/vcs\/using-standards-promote-reuse-rare-earth-materials Accessed: 2025-08-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_88_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2023. How We Use Water. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/watersense\/how-we-use-water WaterSense program."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_89_2","volume-title":"Evaluating Production Load Balancing Functions for Adaptive Mesh Schemes using Mini-Applications.","author":"Vaughan Courtenay\u00a0T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Courtenay\u00a0T Vaughan and Simon\u00a0David Hammond. 2017. Evaluating Production Load Balancing Functions for Adaptive Mesh Schemes using Mini-Applications. Technical Report. Sandia National Lab.(SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_90_2","volume-title":"Somalia","author":"Hub Water Action","year":"2025","unstructured":"Water Action Hub. 2025. Somalia. https:\/\/wateractionhub.org\/geos\/country\/201\/d\/somalia\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_91_2","volume-title":"Wikichip","year":"2023","unstructured":"WikiChip. 2023. Wikichip. https:\/\/en.wikichip.org\/wiki\/ Accessed: 2025-04-14."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanran Wu Inez Hua and Yi Ding. 2025. Not All Water Consumption Is Equal: A Water Stress Weighted Metric for Sustainable Computing. ACM SIGENERGY Energy Informatics Review 5 2 (2025) 84\u201390.","DOI":"10.1145\/3757892.3757904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_93_2","volume-title":"Data Center Water Usage: A Comprehensive Guide","author":"Zhang Mary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mary Zhang. 2024. Data Center Water Usage: A Comprehensive Guide. Dgtl Infra. https:\/\/dgtlinfra.com\/data-center-water-usage\/ Accessed: 2025-08-21."}],"event":{"name":"SC '25: The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis","location":"St. Louis MO USA","acronym":"SC '25","sponsor":["SIGHPC ACM Special Interest Group on High Performance Computing, Special Interest Group on High Performance Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3712285.3759804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:28:14Z","timestamp":1773253694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3712285.3759804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3712285.3759804","10.1145\/3712285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3712285.3759804","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}