{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:57:43Z","timestamp":1759971463771,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Distrib. Ledger Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This article presents a quantitative study on the performance of an asynchronous chain model [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">31<\/jats:xref>\n            ] during its theoretical design stage. The asynchronous chain [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">31<\/jats:xref>\n            ] in this study is asynchronous along with adaptively sized blocks in a proactive manner, whereas the conventional chain controls the block posting in a strictly synchronous manner to the fixed-sized blocks. The model of the adaptive chain, with a rather \u201creactively\u201d dynamic size of blocks as shown in [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">30<\/jats:xref>\n            ], can be compared with the proposed model, which is asynchronous with a \u201cproactively\u201d dynamic size of the blocks. It is assumed in this article that Variable Bulk Arrivals (VBA) of transactions in the Poisson distribution and Asynchronous Bulk Posting (ABS) of transactions off a block potentially in different capacity in exponential time, referred to as VBAABS. Basic numerical simulations results have been reported in [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">31<\/jats:xref>\n            ] primarily for feasibility validation purpose. In our earlier conference version [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">31<\/jats:xref>\n            ], we have presented the work with the focus on development and validation of the performance model in a quantitative manner with extensive numerical simulations to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed asynchronous chain model, and in this article, we extend the work to also include substantially new works such as an extensive comparative study in performance versus other blockchain models such as the baseline chain model [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">29<\/jats:xref>\n            ] (see Comparison between the Asynchronous Chain Model and the Baseline Chain Model) and the adaptive chain model [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">30<\/jats:xref>\n            ] (see Comparison between the Asynchronous Chain Model and the Adaptive Chain Model under Various Network Traffic). Then, a summary, by each chain model in consideration, is provided for clarity (see Chain Model Insights). Furthermore, a new simulation is conducted with a focus on the performance of microtransactions as a type of transactions to be commonly expected in the gaming decentralized applications to demonstrate the benefit from the proactive asynchrony of block postings (see Simulation and Analysis of the Impact of the Asynchronous Chain Model on the Performance of Microtransactions). Last, the implementation results and analysis are shown based on the Ethereum open source as reported in [\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">31<\/jats:xref>\n            ].\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3712619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T06:17:46Z","timestamp":1737353866000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Study on the Performance of an Asynchronous Chain\u00a0Model"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7752-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongho","family":"Seol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Middle Georgia State University, Warner Robins, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1669-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nohpill","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. 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