{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:43:57Z","timestamp":1783439037134,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has laid down several ethical and legal obligations on healthcare providers to preserve the privacy and confidentiality of patient information. Digitization in healthcare has been of great help to the medical fraternity and the patients; however, digital-based services in healthcare have also widened the spectrum of vulnerabilities. In this article, we propose a blockchain-based system to trace the data collection, storing, and sharing process for medical records. We present an Architecture of Medical Records Data Accountability and Compliance (MRDACE) which is a decentralized permissioned data sharing platform. The Medical Images and Information of a patient will be under the sole ownership of the patient. Logs of any access made to the Medical Images and Information of a patient will be maintained and cannot be modified, leading to a transparent traceability mechanism. This architecture utilizes the Proof-of-Authority consensus algorithm and further introduces a new automated incentive function to decide upon the access rights of the data requestors. In comparison to the existing state-of-art solutions, it performs with 56.71% less gas since the automated function introduced removes the need for the patient consent to share the health records with the data requestors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3712708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T11:28:36Z","timestamp":1737113316000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["MRDACE: An Intelligent Architecture for Secure Sharing and Traceability of the Medical Images and Patients\u2019 Records"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poonam","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CSE, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India and Department of SoC, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CSE, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India and Department of SoC, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CSE, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless","author":"Abdmeziem M. R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. R. Abdmeziem and D. Tandjaoui. 2014. A cooperative end-to-end key management scheme for e-health applications in the context of Internet of Things. In International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless, 35\u201346."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104399"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.3.1.017001","article-title":"Watermarking of ultrasound medical images in teleradiology using compressed watermark","volume":"3","author":"Badshah G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Badshah, S. C. Liew, J. M. Zain, and M. Ali. 2016. Watermarking of ultrasound medical images in teleradiology using compressed watermark. Journal of Medical Imaging 3, 1 (2016), 017001\u2013017001.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-021-00746-3","article-title":"A novel decentralized model for storing and sharing neuroimaging data using ethereum blockchain and the interplanetary file system","volume":"13","author":"Batchu S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Batchu, O. S. Henry, and A. A. Hakim. 2021. A novel decentralized model for storing and sharing neuroimaging data using ethereum blockchain and the interplanetary file system. International Journal of Information Technology 13 (2021), 2145\u20132151.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(02)00073-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-017-0455-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5580939"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1468-1","article-title":"Design of a secure medical data sharing scheme based on blockchain","volume":"44","author":"Cheng X.","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Cheng, F. Chen, D. Xie, H. Sun, and C. Huang. 2020. Design of a secure medical data sharing scheme based on blockchain. Journal of Medical Systems 44, 2 (2020), 52\u201311.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3058946"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-013-9618-3","article-title":"The information security needs in radiological information systems-An insight on state hospitals of Iran","volume":"26","author":"Farhadi A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Farhadi and M. Ahmadi. 2012. The information security needs in radiological information systems-An insight on state hospitals of Iran. Journal of Digital Imaging 26, 6 (2012), 1040\u20131044.","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2020.1718223","article-title":"Efficient high capacity technique to embed EPR in-475 formation and to detect tampering in medical images","volume":"44","author":"Geetha R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"R. Geetha and S. Geetha. 2020. Efficient high capacity technique to embed EPR in-475 formation and to detect tampering in medical images. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 44, 2 (2020), 55\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-015-3005-9","article-title":"Reducing healthcare costs facilitated by surgical auditing: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Govaert J. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"J. A. Govaert, A. C. M. Van Bommel, W. A. Van Dijk, N. J. Van Leersum, R. A. E. M. Tollenaar, and M. W. J. M. Wouters. 2015. Reducing healthcare costs facilitated by surgical auditing: A systematic review. World Journal of Surgery 39, 7 (2015), 1672\u20131680.","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3734764"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"A survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities, attacks and defenses","volume":"53","author":"Huashan C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Huashan. 2020. A survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities, attacks and defenses. ACM Computing Surveys 53 (2020), 67\u201367.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"D. Irvine. 2010. Retrieved from https:\/\/docs.maidsafe.net\/Whitepapers\/pdf\/MaidSafeDistributedfilesystem.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947613"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2916503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS47876.2019.00126","volume-title":"2019 IEEE 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","author":"Jin H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Jin, C. Xu, Y. Luo, P. Li, Y. Cao, and J. Mathew.2019. Toward secure, privacy-preserving, and interoperable medical data sharing via Blockchain. In 2019 IEEE 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), 852\u2013861."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2020.07.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","article-title":"Designing and testing a blockchain application for patient identity management in healthcare","volume":"4","author":"Anjum Khurshid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khurshid Anjum, Cole Holan, Cody Cowley, Jeremiah Alexander, Daniel Toshio Harrell, Muhammad Usman, Ishav Desai, John Robert Bautista, and Eric Meyer. Designing and testing a blockchain application for patient identity management in healthcare. JAMIA open 4, 3 (2021), ooaa073.","journal-title":"JAMIA open"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010082","article-title":"Imagechain\u2014Application of blockchain technology for images","volume":"21","author":"Koptyra K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Koptyra and M. R. Ogiela. 2021. Imagechain\u2014Application of blockchain technology for images. Sensors 21, 1 (2021), 82\u201382.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104599","article-title":"Previewable contract-based on-chain X-ray image sharing framework for clinical research","volume":"156","author":"Li M. M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. M. Li and T. T. Kuo. 2021. Previewable contract-based on-chain X-ray image sharing framework for clinical research. International Journal of Medical Informatics 156 (2021), 104599\u2013104599.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2937930","article-title":"ChainSDI: A software-defined infrastructure for regulation-compliant home-based healthcare services secured by blockchains","volume":"14","author":"Li P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"P. Li, C. Xu, H. Jin, C. Hu, Y. Luo, Y. Cao, J. Mathew, and Y. Ma. 2019. ChainSDI: A software-defined infrastructure for regulation-compliant home-based healthcare services secured by blockchains. IEEE Systems Journal 14, 2 (2019), 2042\u20132053.","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.03.018"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026501","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.3.2.026501","article-title":"OpenID connect as a security service in cloud-based medical imaging systems","volume":"3","author":"Ma W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"W. Ma, K. Sartipi, H. Sharghigoorabi, D. Ko, and P. Bak. 2016. OpenID connect as a security service in cloud-based medical imaging systems. Journal of Medical Imaging 3, 2 (2016), 026501\u2013026501.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300101100"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"102535","article-title":"Hocbs: A privacy-preserving blockchain framework for healthcare data leveraging an on-chain and off-chain system design, information processing","volume":"58","author":"Miyachi K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Miyachi and T. K. Mackey. 2021. Hocbs: A privacy-preserving blockchain framework for healthcare data leveraging an on-chain and off-chain system design, information processing. Management 58, 3 (2021), 102535\u2013102535.","journal-title":"Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.119.227819","article-title":"Review of HIPAA, part 1: History, protected health information, and privacy and security rules","volume":"47","author":"Moore W.","year":"2019","unstructured":"W. Moore and S. Frye. 2019. Review of HIPAA, part 1: History, protected health information, and privacy and security rules. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology 47, 4 (2019), 269\u2013272.","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Is cybersecurity possible in healthcare","volume":"1","author":"Murphy S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Murphy. 2015. Is cybersecurity possible in healthcare. National Cybersecurity,455 Institute Journal 1, 3 (2015), 49\u201363.","journal-title":"National Cybersecurity,455 Institute Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Security of the MaidSAFE vault network","volume":"32","author":"Paul G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"G. Paul, F. Hutchison, and J. Irvine. 2014. Security of the MaidSAFE vault network. Wireless World Research Forum Meeting 32 (2014), 1\u20136.","journal-title":"Wireless World Research Forum Meeting"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"460","article-title":"Hospital, radiology, and picture archiving and communication systems","volume":"49","author":"Robertson I. D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"I. D. Robertson and T. Saveraid. 2008. Hospital, radiology, and picture archiving and communication systems. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 49, s1 (2008), 460\u2013479.","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"206","volume-title":"In International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications","author":"Sashank Y. S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. S. Sashank, A. Agrawal, R. Bhatia, A. Bhatia, K. Tiwari, and D. -Insta. 2023. A decentralized image sharing platform. In International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 206\u2013217."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maintaining security and privacy in health care system using learning based deep-q-networks","volume":"42","author":"Shakeel P. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"P. M. Shakeel, S. Baskar, V. S. Dhulipala, S. Mishra, and M. M. Jaber. 2018. Maintaining security and privacy in health care system using learning based deep-q-networks. Journal of Medical Systems 42, 10 (2018), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9061207"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2017.8126082","volume-title":"2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)","author":"Srivastava S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Srivastava, S. Soman, A. Rai, and P. K. Srivastava. 2017. Deep learning for health informatics: Recent trends and future directions. In 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 1665\u20131670."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4302425"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"1266","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings","author":"Yu H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Yu, H. Sun, D. Wu, and T. T. Kuo. 2019. Comparison of smart contract blockchains for healthcare applications. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 1266\u20131275."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2993072"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3712708","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3712708","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:18:09Z","timestamp":1750295889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3712708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3712708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3712708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2637-8051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2637-8051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}